中国农业政策历史沿革及现行农业直接补贴政策效果分析

中国农业政策由建国初的粮食自由购销制，到统购统销制，再到合同定购制和“价格双轨制”，然后到保护价收购制度和粮食储备制度，转变过程从1949年到2003年历时54年，这期间还一直实行农业税政策。政策运行结果是农民税费负担日益加重，农业生产积极性受到抑制，粮食安全难以保障；另一方面，国家财政进行的各种农业补贴资金越来越不堪重负。迫于粮食流通体制改革的压力和加入WTO的要求，为保障粮食安全增加农民收入促进城乡社会协调发展，国家在2004年出台了农业直接补贴政策。政策运行十年来，取得了很好的预期效果，有效促进了粮食增产，农业机械化水平得到提高，国有粮食企业改革深入开展下去，农民增收明显。

Reform on Chinese Agriculture Policy and Analysis on Effect of Agricultural Direct Subsidy Policy

Agricultural policy has been transferred from grain free purchase and sale system, state monop- oly for purchase and marketing system, purchase contract system and doubletrack prices system to the sys- tem of price and system of storing food grain for unforeseen needs about 54 years from 1949 to 2003, during this period has been the implementation of tax policy of agricultural industry. Result of policy opera- tion is the tax burden, agricultural production enthusiasm is suppressed, food security is difficult to guaran- tee; on the other hand, all kinds of agricultural subsidies are more and more overwhelmed by national fi- nance. Under the pressure of the reform of the grain circulation system of and the addition of the WTO re- quirements for food security, the state introduced agricultural direct subsidy policy in 2004 to increase the income of farmers and promote the coordinated development of urban and rural society. The policy has run about ten years, in this period, it is very good to achieve the expected effect, effectively promoted the increase of grain yield, improve the level of agricultural mechanization; the reform of state-owned grain enterprises in depth, the increase of farmers＇ income is obvious.