存货动态质押融资的司法困境与审判路径——基于司法裁判的实证分析

存货动态质押作为物流金融创新背景下出现的担保类型,已经成为当前我国供应链金融的核心模式之一。在这种融资模式下,企业既能获得融资,又能保障正常经营,可有效帮助中小企业盘活存货和拓宽融资渠道。不过,由于存货动态质押交易构造复杂,区分不同运作模式,又涉及金融借贷、动产质押、保管、监管等多重法律关系,导致相关民事纠纷快速增长,且司法判决态度不一。为尽量反映存货动态质押司法实践全貌,以2012—2020年我国涉及存货动态质押的553份民事裁判文书为分析对象,从案件的数量变化、地域分布、运作模式、制度优势等多个维度入手,对此类担保司法适用的现状进行梳理。研究发现,审判实践中面临的司法困境主要与设立效力、监管人义务和责任有关,如非转移出库模式的存货动态质押法律效力判定不一、物流企业义务与责任模糊不清等。为消解存货动态质押司法困境,需要以《中华人民共和国民法典》(简称《民法典》)及其司法解释思路为指引,正确认识存货动态质押中的交付问题,进一步肯认公同占有作为交付新类型的效力。此外,还要明确监管人作为委托人和保管人的双重身份,而其责任的承担应分别依照违反质物审查义务、监管义务、保管义务予以类型化,并结合致损原因、责任形态和顺位具体判定。

Judicial Dilemma and Trial Path of Inventory Dynamic Pledge——The Empirical Analysis Based on Judicial Decisions

Inventory dynamic pledge,as a type of secured transactions under the background of logistics financial innovation,has become a core mode of supply chain finance in China.In this financing mode,enterprises can not only obtain financing,but also ensure normal operation,which can effectively help small and medium-sized enterprises to revitalize inventory and broaden financing channels.However,due to the complex structure,different operation modes,and multiple legal relationships involved,the related civil disputes increase rapidly.In order to reflect the judicial practice of dynamic inventory pledge as far as possible,553 civil judgments in China from 2012 to 2020 are taken as the analysis object.Based on these cases,the current judicial situation of dynamic inventory pledge can be sorted out from the number of cases,geographical distribution,operation modes,system advantages and other dimensions.It is found that the judicial dilemma is mainly related to the effect of establishment,the obligations and responsibilities of the supervisor.For this,we need to take the Civil Code and its judicial interpretations as the guidance,correctly understand the delivery in inventory dynamic pledge,and further recognize the effect of public possession as a new type of delivery.In addition,it is necessary to clarify the dual identity of the supervisor as the client and the custodian,and classify the responsibilities according to the nature of the obligation,the cause of damages,the form and the order of responsibilities.