互联网领域垄断行为界定与市场力量测度

互联网巨头的垄断地位是其获取金融资源、降低经营成本、压制竞争对手的优势条件,但对实体经济整体发展不利。为强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张,除加强监管外,标准的制定与把握,制度建设、相关法律配套与行政监管的有效实施也至关重要,应从互联网服务的产品与商业模式角度探究互联网竞争约束被低估的缘由,并结合市场多边性对互联网情境下的平台市场界定与市场力量测度、价格—成本关系及经典竞争行为进行重新解读。综观当前互联网领域的竞争与执法情况可以发现,互联网服务的身份多重性和市场多边性使互联网竞争约束被低估,增加了互联网反垄断执法的难度与出错的概率;互联网平台市场界定、市场力量测度可以辩证地吸收部分传统智慧,如在零货币价格产品反垄断中采用产品性能测试、赢利模式测试等手段来界定平台市场边界;价格与成本之间的正向关联性在互联网领域仍然具有一定价值,但需要进行综合调整;掠夺性定价、投资并购、行为协同等经典竞争行为在互联网情境下可能仍然具有一定的经济合理性,需要具体情况具体分析。总之,为更加准确地开展互联网反垄断执法,执法中既需要包容审慎,也需要与时俱进地更新认知,并不存在适用于多种情境的通用型工具。

Definition of Internet Monopoly Behavior and Measurement of Market Power

The monopoly position of Internet giants is the advantage condition for them to gain financial resources,reduce operational cost,and suppress rivals,but it is not beneficial for the overall development of the real economy.To strengthen antitrust and prevent the disorderly expansion of capital,besides strengthening supervision,standard formulation and understanding,institutional construction,the support of related laws,and the effective implementation of administrative supervision are also very important.We should explore the reasons for why we undervalue the Internet competition constraint by combining with Internet service and business pattern,andgives a new interpretation of Internet platform market definition,market power measurement,price-cost relationship and classical anti-trust behaviorswith the consideration of the multilateral nature of the market.From the comprehensive perspective of Internet competition and enforcement,we can see that:the multi-layered nature of Internet service and the multilateral nature of market leads to the undervalued Internet competition constraint,increases the difficulties in Internet anti-trust enforcement and the possibilities of error;the market definition of internet platform and the measurement of market power can dialectically absorb some of the traditional wisdoms,for example,free product anti-trust explores the timely use of product performance testing,profit model testing,and other means to define market boundaries;the positive relationship between price and cost is still valuable in Internet,but should be adjusted;and such classical competitive behaviors as predatory pricing,investment M&A,and behavior coordination are still economically ration in Internet,which should be specifically analyzed according to certain condition.Generally speaking,to accurately implement Internet anti-trust enforcement,we should not only be inclusive and prudent,but also keep pace with the times and update our cognition;and there are no commonly used tools.