Effects of payments for ecosystem services programs in China on rural household labor allocation and land use: Identifying complex pathways |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China;2. Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future, Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA;3. Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA;4. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA;5. Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA;6. School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China;1. Department of Land Resources Management, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China;2. College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China;1. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, and Business School, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China;2. Business School, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China;1. College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Center of Resource Economy and Environmental Management, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China;1. Department of Geosceinces, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN, United States;2. Department of Geography and Center for Complex Human-Environment Systems, San Diego, CA, United States;3. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States;1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Belt and Road’s Data Analysis and Decision Support, China Academy of the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing International Studies University, Beijing, 100024, China;2. School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China;3. College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, China |
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| Abstract: | Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) is increasingly used in developing countries to secure the sustainable provision of vital ecosystem services. The largest PES programs in the world are embedded in China’s new forest policies, which aim to expand forest cover for soil and water conservation and improve livelihoods of rural people. The objective of this study is to identify the complex pathways of the impacts of two PES programs , the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP) and the Ecological Welfare Forest Program (EWFP), on household livelihood decisions, and to quantify the direct and indirect impacts along the identified pathways. We fulfill this objective by developing an integrated conceptual framework and applying a Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM), based on household survey data from Anhui, China. Labor allocation (for on-farm work, local paid work, local business, or out-migration) and land use decisions (i.e., rent in, maintain, rent out, or abandon cropland) for participating households are key to understand PES program effects on livelihoods. Results show that the PES programs have only small direct effects but significant indirect effects via the mediating factor of capital assets. Moreover, group heterogeneity analysis shows that lower-income households do not benefit more than the better-off households from the PES programs, while households with medium wealth increase dependence on agriculture. In addition, household demographics, individual attributes, and geographic settings differ in their impacts on labor allocation and land use decisions. We conclude that CCFP and EWFP would be more efficient in conserving the environment while improving the economic welfare of lower-income households if capital assets were taken into account in the design of compensation schemes. |
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| Keywords: | Payments for ecosystem services Labor allocation Land use PLS-SEM Rural China |
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