Reforestation and smallholder livelihoods in the humid tropics |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-260, Brazil;2. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia;3. Tropical Forest and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia;4. Regional Center of Multidisciplinary Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico;5. Climate and Energy Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, 1825 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA;6. International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;7. Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificia Universidade Catolica, 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;8. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom |
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Abstract: | Smallholder livelihoods and the restoration of tropical forests are intimately intertwined. To address the question of how reforestation affects livelihoods and how they in turn affect reforestation, a meta-synthesis was undertaken of 339 scientific publications identified from a systematic literature search. This study is focused on smallholders in the humid tropics, and uses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which was developed by the UK Department for International Development as the framework for analysis. The links between reforestation and livelihoods are found to be diverse and highly interconnected. Reforestation is only one of a smallholder’s activities and typically forms part of a mosaic of land uses across a landscape. Therefore, reforestation should be designed, managed and evaluated under the perspective of a diverse livelihood portfolio, and not as a single activity isolated from other portfolio components, especially under current landscape approaches. It is important for reforestation to be a complementary rather than a competitive livelihood activity. Reforestation has great potential to address poverty, and to increase smallholder socio-ecological resilience and local social equity. However, reforestation outcomes are often suboptimal. Assessing smallholder capacity and the surrounding environment prior to reforestation, and addressing limiting local capacities and conditions in a timely manner, may enhance the likelihood of optimal benefits. |
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Keywords: | Agroforestry systems Forest restoration Forest and landscape restoration Livelihood portfolios Sustainable Livelihoods Framework |
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