Analyzing the women’s empowerment and food security nexus in rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir,Pakistan: By giving consideration to sense of land entitlement and infrastructural facilities |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China;2. The Superior College, Lahore, Pakistan;1. Norwegian University of Life Sciences at the Department of International Environment and Development, Noragric, Noragric 5003, NMBU, 1432, Ås, Norway;2. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad Campus University Road, Tobe Camp, Postal Code 22010, Abbottabad, Pakistan;1. The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agricultural & Resource Economics (SARE), Faculty of Science – The University of Western Australia (UWA), 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;2. Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, The University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan;3. Centre for Environmental Economics & Policy (CEEP), The University of Western Australia, Australia;1. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh;2. University of Malaya, Malaysia;3. University of Reading, UK;4. University of Oxford, UK;5. University of Manchester, UK;6. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Germany;3. Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab 38000, Pakistan;1. Department of Sociology, Maxcy Hall, Brown University, 108 George Street, Providence, RI 02912, United States;2. International Food Policy Research Institute, United States |
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| Abstract: | A rich body of literature exists for explaining the role women play in ensuring their household’s food security; however, as far as their own food security is concerned, little attention has been given. Therefore, this research collects evidence on the relationship between women’s empowerment and their own food security (access) in the rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK). Data were collected from the households of 600 rural women. The results provide insights that the domains of legal rights, information and communication technologies (ICTs), social support and familial rights, can be a significant pathway for enhancing the food security of women as more bargaining power of women over the utilization of resources could result in a good quality of food choices and more expense on food items due to these rights. Besides, understanding food insecurity also requires considering gender norms as in this study, the infrastructural facilities and sense of land entitlement provide unexpected non-significant results. Though women help in the mounting necessities of their families, they are unable to enhance the food requirements for themselves due to restricted mobility and less economic opportunities. This is mainly due to the poor infrastructure, and more importantly, the lack of access to resources, especially land, because of lack of knowledge and self-confidence. Notably, the fear of conflict and domestic violence may also impede women from fighting for their rights, which results in poor access to food. Hence, by understanding the household makeup from women’s perspectives and customs, the findings from this study can help and guide policymakers in developing more appropriate strategies to improve the food security of women. |
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| Keywords: | Women’s empowerment Women’s food access Patriarchal society Sense of land entitlement Pakistan |
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