Effects of perceived constraints and negotiation on learned helplessness: A study of Chinese senior outbound tourists |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;2. Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States;3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;1. Department of Management, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius;2. School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa;3. Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia;4. Copenhagen Business School, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;5. Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK;6. Department of Business Administration and Textile Management, University of Borås, Sweden;1. Department of Marketing, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave., Montclair, NJ 07043, USA;2. Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, 801 Ford Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA |
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| Abstract: | Learned helplessness is an important psychological construct that may influence senior tourists' subjective wellbeing while travelling. Employing a mixed-method approach and a multi-sample design, this study examines how Chinese senior outbound tourists’ perceived travel constraints and negotiation efforts affect learned helplessness in outbound travel. We identified four perceived constraints (perceived incapability, lack of suitable travel agencies and services, lack of information and personal support, and complex travel decision-making) and three negotiation strategies (seeking family support, physical/health preparation, and learning). Multiple regression analyses showed that among the four perceived constraints, only perceived incapability increased learned helplessness significantly; conversely, negotiation in general reduced learned helplessness. However, not as expected, negotiation was not founded to be a moderator between perceived constraints and learned helplessness. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Learned helplessness Perceived constraint Negotiation Senior tourists Chinese outbound tourism New Zealand Israel Argentina |
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