Individual characteristics and the demand for reciprocity in trade liberalization: Evidence from a survey in Japan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Hitotsubashi University, Japan;2. Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan;3. Gakushuin University, Japan;4. University of Niigata Prefecture, Japan;1. Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea;2. Economic Research Institute, The Bank of Korea, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurose-gakuendai, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-2695, Hiroshima, Japan;2. Department of Emergency Medical Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan;3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-Gun, 920-0265, Ishikawa, Japan;4. Department of Pediatrics, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-1 Kuratsuki-Higashi, Kanazawa, 920-8201, Ishikawa, Japan;5. Emergency Medical Centre, Noto General Hospital, A64-6-4 Fijihashi-machi, Nanao, 926-0816, Ishikawa, Japan;1. Faculty of Commerce, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashinakano, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan;2. Department of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan;3. University of Niigata Prefecture, 471 Ebigase, Higashi-ku, Niigata 950-8680, Japan;4. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8901, Japan;1. Faculty of International Social Sciences, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan;2. Okayama University, Japan;3. Aomori Chuo Gakuin University, Japan;1. Development Studies Center, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan;2. Faculty of International Social Sciences, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan;3. Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Japan;4. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan;1. West Virginia University, United States;2. Florida International University, United States |
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| Abstract: | Reciprocity is an important concept in international trade negotiations. However, we know little about who demands reciprocity in trade liberalization. This paper characterizes reciprocitarians based on a survey of 10,816 individuals in Japan. Workers in protected sectors tend to demand reciprocity in import liberalization, but oppose the demand for foreign countries to open their markets. In contrast, individuals in managerial occupations tend to demand foreign market opening, but reject the idea of no import liberalization without reciprocity. We also examine the effects of education, nationalism, and risk aversion. |
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| Keywords: | Policy preference Trade policy Reciprocity Survey data |
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