Foreign Ownership,Exporting and Gender Wage Gaps: Evidence from Japanese Linked Employer-Employee Data |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Economics, University of Hawai`i. Address: 2424 Maile Way, Saunders 542, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States;2. College of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University, and Research Associate, The Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). Address: 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan;1. Monfort College of Business, University of Northern Colorado, Campus Box 128, Greeley Colorado 80639, USA;2. Faculty of Business Adminisitration, Tokyo Keizai University, 1-7-34 Minamicho, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan;3. Graduate School of Business Administration, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka Kunitachi Tokyo 186-8601, Japan;1. Department of International Relations, Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, 9-1 Gakuen-Higashimachi, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2187, Japan;2. College of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-8570, Japan;1. Faculty of Economics, Fukuyama University, Japan;2. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan;3. Institute of Developing Economies, Faculty of Global and Regional Studies, Toyo University, Japan;4. Institute of Developing Economies, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, Waseda University, Japan;5. Faculty of Economics, Kagawa University, Japan;1. Meiji Gakuin University, 1-2-37 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8636, Japan;2. Osaka University of Commerce, 4-1-10 Mikuriya-Sakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8505, Japan;3. Hitotsubashi University, Institute of Economic Research. 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 1868601 Japan;1. Gakushuin University and RIETI, Japan;2. Rissho University, Japan;3. Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Japan;1. Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan;2. Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan;3. Faculty Fellow, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | We explore potential relationships between international economic activities and gender wage gaps (GWGs) using linked employer-employee data for Japan. We find evidence that exporting and multinational activities are associated with reduced GWGs. Domestic-owned firms that neither export nor invest abroad (i.e., domestic-only firms) report the largest GWG, followed by Japanese-owned multinational enterprises (JMNE), then by locally-owned exporters that do not invest abroad and finally by foreign-owned multinational enterprises (FMNE). We separate FMNE by mode of entry and confirm that FMNE established by greenfield investment deviate more than FMNE established by merger and acquisition from domestic-only firms in terms of wages. Greenfield-born FMNE are associated with the smallest GWG and largest gender-neutral wage premium among the firm types. The estimated GWG among Greenfield-born FMNE is almost 12 percentage-points lower than the 26.8 percent prevailing at domestic-only firms. |
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