Should football fans pay for security? Effects of a security fee |
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| Institution: | 1. Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;2. Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology Lab CMR, National Institute of Immunohaematology, K E M Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India;3. Dept of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;4. Paediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Paediatrics Centre, Chandigarh, India;5. Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA;6. Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA;7. Department of Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan;8. Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;9. Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany;10. Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany;11. Dr. von Hauner Children''s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany;12. Immunodeficiency Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;13. Pediatric Immunology Service, Edmond and Lily Safra Children''s Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel;14. Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands;15. Emma Children''s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;p. Department of Immunology, Erciyes Medical School, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Türkiye |
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| Abstract: | There is a lively debate on whether football fans should pay a security fee to finance police activities. This paper investigates the price effect on the demand for tickets in a dynamic setting, by considering two subgroups of spectators, namely fans and hooligans. We analyze a situation in which the demand from each subgroup causes a negative social externality for members of the other group but a positive one for members of the same group. We show that charging a security fee may start a dynamic process, leading to fewer fans and more hooligans attending matches and thus, counterintuitively to even more violence. Therefore, the present study provides an argument to refrain from charging a security fee. As an alternative economic solution, we discuss the strategy of outpricing hooligans. |
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| Keywords: | Hooliganism Mob-goods Security fee Football Violence |
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