外资进入、竞争与性别就业差异

在中国性别就业差异持续扩大的背景下，文章基于2004-2007年的中国工业企业数据库检验了外资进入是如何通过竞争效应对企业性别就业差异产生影响的。结果显示，外资进入程度越高的地区与行业具有越低的性别就业差异，外资进入程度每增加1%，我国内资企业女性就业份额将会增加0.0407%，且这一结果在考虑了抽样偏倚、不同外资范围的界定、使用不同外资进入程度衡量标准和控制内生性后依然十分稳健。进一步的研究显示，外资进入通过提高企业面临的竞争程度来促使以利润最大化为目标的企业雇佣更多成本较低的女性劳动力，进而降低性别就业差异。更为重要的是，外资进入产生的竞争效应对于性别差异的影响在不同受教育群体之间存在差异，其对受过高等教育，特别是受过研究生以上教育的群体影响最大。文章结论表明，在经济全球化背景下完善市场竞争机制和提高女性受教育程度将有利于减少性别就业差异。此外，文章也为研究外资进入的社会经济影响提供了不一样的思路。

Foreign Capital Entry,Competition and Gender Employment Gap

Under the background of constant expansion of gender employment gap in China,this paper uses the China Industrial Statistics Database from 2004 to 2007 to exam-ine the influence of foreign capital entry on gender employment gap at the enterprise level through competition effect.It shows that the regions and industries with higher degree of foreign capital entry experience lower-degree gender employment gap and the increase in foreign capital entry by 1% results in the increase in female employment share in enterpri-ses with domestic funding by 0.0457%.The result is still robust after considering the sam-pling bias,the different definitions of foreign entry scope,different measures of foreign capital entry degree and the control of endogeneity.Further study indicates that foreign capital entry advances enterprises aiming at profit maximization to employ more female la-bor forces with lower costs by improving the completion degree that enterprises encounter, thereby leading to the reduction in gender employment gap.More important,the effect of competition resulting from foreign capital entry on gender gap varies with groups with dif-ferent education background,and it has the greatest effect on groups with higher educa-tion,especially graduate education or above.It concludes that under the background of e-conomic globalization,the perfection of market competition mechanism and the improve-ment of female education are beneficial to the reduction in gender employment gap.In addi-tion,it also offers a different clue for the research of social and economic effects of foreign capital entry.