数字经济对全球贸易治理的挑战及制度回应

数字经济的产生对全球贸易治理带来了严峻的挑战。其货物与服务贸易混同的贸易属性以及在线交易形式使其在纳入多边贸易治理体系的货物与服务贸易部门时存在特殊困难。既有的多边贸易协定亦欠缺对数字贸易壁垒和数据风险进行有效规制的规定。这促使数字贸易大国在区域贸易协定的谈判中,针对数字贸易的数字特征做出了若干制度回应:在既有的货物贸易和服务贸易分类框架下,针对数字内容构建可兼容其货物和服务贸易属性的数字产品开放规则;应对数字贸易中的数据流通壁垒制定数据流通限制的一般禁止以及禁止计算设施本地化和源代码强制披露的条款;并就数字贸易对国家安全和消费者隐私权和安宁权的损害,授予政府管控数据风险的政策空间。

The Challenges of Digital Economy to Global Trade Governance and Rule Responses

The emergency of digital economy poses great challenges to global trade governance.A digital trade transaction may include both trade in goods and services,which makes it especially difficult to integrate digital trade into multilateral trade system. The current multilateral trade agreements are also lack of the effective regulations on digital trade barriers and data risks. These incentivize the big digital trade powers to make rule responses in their regional trade agreement negotiations. They develop the open rules of digital products which are compatible with the attributes of trade in goods and services based on the current classification framework of trade in goods and services. Besides,in order to deal with the data flow barriers in digital trade,they formulate the general prohibition of free data flow restrictions and the provisions which prohibit the localization of computing facilities and the compulsory disclosure of source code. Finally,they give the government policy space to control data risk on the damage of digital trade to the national security and the consumers’ rights over privacy and peace.