论中国双重身份的困境与应对

国际体系作为行为体的互动所形成的整体结构,是中国实施对外政策的环境与舞台。在国际体系中,身份是决定中国的利益、立场和实现利益之途径的一个基本因素。中国长期以来一直强调自己是一个发展中国家,但随着国力的增强,在当今正日益被视为一个"大国"。由于发展中国家与大国参与国际互动有迥异的机制与结果,因此中国面对着双重身份的困境。事实上,中国被赋予的"大国"形象和外部世界针对中国所开始的权力政治互动,已使得中国面对的国际环境凸显了消极的影响。要破解这一困境,中国一方面需要从主观上认清自己的真实身份和不同互动机制的影响,另一方面则需要恰当解决客观上两种机制并存所带来的困扰。在对外关系中,中国需要应对国际体系所内含的权力政治、国际制度与观念建构等主要影响机制,适宜地开展实力外交、制度外交和公共外交。中国只有利用体系的系统效应,趋利避害,处理好实力的发展与运用以及国家形象的塑造问题,才能更好地实现国家发展的目标。

China’s Dual-identity Dilemma and Its Countermeasures

The international system, as the overall structure for interactions among actors, is the environment and stage for implementation of China’s foreign policy. In this system, identity is a fundamental factor determining China’s international position and interests, and how to achieve them. China has long stressed that it is a "developing country," but with the rise ofits national strength, China today increasingly is regarded as a "great power." Because "developing countries" and "great powers" use different mechanisms in their international interactions that produce different results, China now faces a dual-identity dilemma. In fact, with its image as a "great power" and the beginning ofits interactions with the outside world, China faces a negative international environment. To resolve this dilemma, on the one hand China should subjectively recognize its true identity and the influence of the various mechanisms on its interactions, and, on the other hand, it should properly resolve the problem of the objective coexistence of the two mechanisms. In terms of foreign relations, China should deal with the influence of the main mechanisms embedded in the international system, including power politics, international institutions, and the concept of construction, so as to properly implement power-based diplomacy, institutional diplomacy and public diplomacy. Only by using the advantages of the systematic effects of the international system and avoiding its disadvantages in dealing with the problems of development, the use of power, and the shaping ofits national image will China better be able to achieve its national development objectives.