我国农地制度的变迁轨迹及其现实功用

新中国成立以来我国农地制度经历了三次重大变迁:从封建地主土地所有制到农民土地所有制,再到集体所有、集体统一经营制度,最后到集体所有、家庭承包经营责任制。每一次农地制度变迁都在不同程度上体现了公平与效率的博弈。第一次变迁所形成的农民土地所有制既促进了效率也体现了公平。第二次变迁所形成的土地集体所有、集体统一经营制度表面上看公平有余效率不足,实则是既缺乏效率也不公平。第三次变迁所形成的土地集体所有、家庭承包经营制是公平诱因与效率诱因共同作用的结果,而且农地分配、农地调整、农地流转等方面存在的矛盾和问题,本质上都是公平与效率的博弈。我国农地制度进一步变迁的方向是实现公平与效率并重。

Trace of Institutional Transitions of Chinese Rural Land System and Practical Function

Since the foundation of new China,China's rural land system experienced three important institutional transitions:from feudal landownership to peasantry landownership,then to collective landownership,and then to the household contract responsibility system. Every institutional transition of China's rural land system reflects the tradeoff between equity and efficiency. The peasantry landownership reflects both equity and efficiency; the collective landownership is seemingly efficient and equitable,but it act...