人权及环境之优先性：科斯社会成本问题及德姆塞茨外部性内部化问题重思

科斯在《社会成本问题》中谈到“糖果制造商的机器引起的噪声和震动干扰了某医生的工作的事例”以及“河流污染问题”，德姆塞茨在《关于产权的理论》中谈到随便排烟造成环境污染，其实这些都不是简单的经济问题．因此不能够简单地用经济学的办法来解决，更不能简单地以“费用高低”的标准来加以衡量。倘若某厂商的生产活动对人的健康造成了损害，抑或对环境造成了污染（而这种污染又在环境的自我净化、自我修复范围之外），那么此时无论该厂商是否获利或者获利多少，都应该通过改进技术将这种负面影响内部化，否则，将与“以人为本”、“可持续发展”等理念背道而驰。基于人权与环境的优先性，我们有必要对科斯社会成本问题及德姆塞茨外部性内部化问题进行重新思考。

Priority of Human Rights and Environment： Rethinking of Kos＇ Social Cost Theory and Demsetz＇ s Internalization of Externalities

Kos talks about the problems of ＂the noise and vibration of candy maker＇s machine disturbing some doctor＇s working＂ and ＂river pollution＂ in＂ The Problem of Social Cost＂, and Demsetz talks about the environmental pollution caused by discharging smoke freely in＂A Theory of the Property Rights＂. Actually, these are not simple economic issues. Therefore, they can not be simply solved by economic measures or measured by the＂ expense standard＂. If a manufacturer＇ s productive activity causes damage to the health of human or pollution of the environment （ this kind of pollution is beyond the range of environmental self-purification and self-repair） , the negative effect should be internalized by improved technology no matter whether the manufacturer makes a profit or how many profits the manufacturer makes. Otherwise, it will deviate from the conceptions of ＂putting people first＂ and ＂sustainable development＂. Based on the priority of human rights and environment, it is necessary for us to rethink Kos ＇ social cost theory and Demsetz＇ s internalization of externalities.