美国犹他州水权制度实施效果述评

通过数据分析、邮件问询和查阅文献的方法,从水权分配、水权变更与交易、水权纠纷处理与监督实施、信息公开与查询5个方面述评了美国犹他州水权制度的执行效果,指出水权制度执行时存在的问题。研究表明,犹他州通过水权分配的水量已经超出了本州的年均可调用的水资源总量,即有一部分用户虽然拥有水权,但是很少能够用到水,只有在丰水年、洪水季节才能用到水,所以,优先权制度在犹他州水权制度中起到了重要的作用,所有用水户都按照其获得水权的时间先后顺序来取水;由水权变更以及交易的数据显示,通过水权交易、变更获取水资源是以后犹他州获取水资源的主要手段;同时,水权处的监督实施记录表明,主要通过个人检举的形式发现违规用水行为,水权处现场调查发现最多的是测水仪器出现问题,从空间上来看,犹他州锡达城处理的用水事例最多,水权监督实施制度在此地充分发挥了作用。从案例以及执行情况分析,不难看出犹他州水权制度中,优先权原则和有益利用原则存在的问题,因此,从实际问题出发为犹他州水权制度提供建议并进行展望,以求为我国水权制度的建设和执行提供借鉴。

Review of execution results of water right institutions in Utah, USA

By means of the data analysis, e-mail inquiry and discussion with the relevant officers and document study, the effects of executing the water right management institution in Utah, USA are reviewed from the aspects of water right allocation, water right transfer and trading, handling and supervision of water right disputes, information opening and inquiry. The existing problems during the execution of the water right institution are put forward. The research indicates that in Utah, the water quantity based on the water right is more than the mean annual total quantity of its available water supply, that is, some water users with water right can get little water and get some water only in high-flow years or seasons. The priority system plays an important role in the water right institution in Utah. All the water users draw water in sequence according to the time they get the water right. The data of water right transfer and trading show that the main ways for obtaining water resources in Utah are based on the water right transfer and trading. The supervision records of water right department indicate that irregular water uses are mainly discovered by individual reports, and malfunctions of water meters are mostly found out by the field investigations by the water right department. Spatially, the most water events are dealt with in Cedar City of Utah, and the supervision system for executing the water right institution gives its full play in this city. According to cases and execution situations, the problems in the priority and the beneficial use principles of the water right institution in Utah are analyzed. Some suggestions as well as prospects are proposed for the water right institution in Utah, USA.