Lessons from travel planning and road user charging for policy-making: through imperfection to implementation |
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| Institution: | 1. Transport Studies Group, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;2. School of Built Environment, Transport Research Institute, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK;1. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;2. Thalassa Consulting, 13 Monaco Place, Howrah, Tasmania 7018, Australia;1. Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, CA 93940, USA;2. School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia;1. Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland;2. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences—Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, SE-45178, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden;3. Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland;1. Department of Pharmacy, MacNeal Hospital, Berwyn, IL;2. Department of Emergency Medicine, MacNeal Hospital, Berwyn, IL;3. Department of Pharmacy, Tenet Healthcare, Berwyn, IL;4. CEP America, Berwyn, IL;1. Department of Urology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI;2. Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI;3. Division of Urology, University of Colorado Health, Fort Collins, CO;1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;2. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;3. Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;4. Columbia University Arsenic Project in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh |
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| Abstract: | In 1978 Gunn published a seminal paper which explained why implementation of policy is so difficult. The paper set out 10 conditions, which should be satisfied if perfect implementation is to be achieved. Whilst it is clear that perfect implementation is not possible in the real world, and Gunn has subsequently been criticised for his ‘top-down’ approach to decision-making, these conditions do, nonetheless act as an effective framework through which to evaluate good practice in the implementation of urban transport policy instruments. Two urban transport policy instruments, which form an increasingly important element of the Government's strategy in the UK for reducing the demand for private transport as set out in a New Deal for Transport (DETR, 1998), are travel plans and road user charging. Travel plans are a relatively recent policy instrument in the UK and seek to reduce trips to work by car by providing, through individual employers, a targeted, integrated package of incentives and disincentives to influence commuters' choice of mode of travel to and from the workplace. Road user charging, whereby motorists are charged for the road space they use in urban areas, seeks to reduce the congestion problem via the price mechanism, and has a longer history in the UK. To date the implementation of travel plans in the UK has been more widespread than that of road user charging. It is fair to say, however, that the widespread implementation of both urban transport policy instruments is a complex and sensitive area for decision-makers.The aim of this paper is firstly, to analyse travel plans and road user charging in the UK with respect to the conditions for perfect implementation put forward by Gunn and secondly, to highlight the elements of good practice, pertinent to the implementation of road user charging, in the process of the implementation of travel plans. Overall, the paper uses Gunn's theoretical framework as a basis for recommendations for better decision-making that will aid the wider implementation of both travel plans and road user charging internationally. |
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