中国省份营商环境评价:指标体系与量化分析

良好的营商环境,是建设现代化经济体系、促进高质量发展的重要基础。科学合理的评价体系攸关营商环境的持续优化。基于对国内外营商环境评价指标体系的梳理,本研究致力于构建中国省份营商环境的评价指标体系并对省份营商环境进行评价分析。按照“国际可比、对标世行、中国特色”的原则,本文以“十三五”规划纲要提出的“市场、政务、法律政策、人文”四个维度为一级指标,借鉴国内外营商环境评价指标体系并结合《优化营商环境条例》,确定二级指标和相应权重,构建出中国省份营商环境评价指标体系,并运用相关数据进行量化分析。结果表明,中国省份营商环境呈现出层次化特征,且在营商环境的子环境发展的均衡度上存在差异,七大区域在营商环境上的差异也非常明显。研究结论为省级政府优化营商环境、促进高质量发展提供了指引,也为后续探索宏观营商环境对微观企业行为与效应的影响奠定了基础。

Evaluation of Doing Business in Chinese Provinces:Indicator System and Quantitative Analysis

Well-established doing business works as an important basis for building a modern economic system and promoting a high-quality development.In recent years,the Chinese government has made much effort to establish doing business,and has formulated a series of policies and measures about streamlining administration,improving regulation and optimizing services.As a result,doing business in China has been greatly improved,and is ranked 31 st in the“Doing Business 2020”.However,there lacks a comprehensive indicator system for evaluating the provincial business environment in existing research.In order to fit the high-quality development for China,this paper intends to construct an indicator system of business environment at province level in China,and quantitatively evaluate the business environment at the provincial level.As thus,the paper systematically reviews the indicator systems of business environment in both China and foreign countries.International mainstream indicator systems are completed by the World Bank,the Economist Intelligence Unit,Global Entrepreneurship Monitor,and OECD,respectively.Typical Chinese indicator systems include NERI Index of Marketization of China’s Provinces,Doing Business in Chinese Cities,and the Relationship between Government and Business in Chinese Cities.Therefore,future research on the evaluation of doing business should be specified in three aspects:a)constructing the evaluation indicator system in line with the Chinese context;b)designing the evaluation system for provincial comparison,c)emphasizing on the government environment such as the relationship between government and business.According to the principles of“international comparability,benchmarking the World Bank,and meeting Chinese characteristics”,the paper sets the four aspects of doing business,which are clearly stated in the 13 th five-year plan,as first-level indicators,including fair and competitive market environment,efficient and incorrupt government environment,just and transparent legal and policy environment,and open and inclusive humanistic environment.Furthermore,based on existing research and the Regulations on Optimizing Doing Business,we selected 12 secondary indicators and determined the indicator weights.Through above efforts,this paper established the indicator system for evaluating doing business in various provinces of China.Using the indicator system,we collected data and calculated the score of doing business in 31 provinces in China's Mainland.The results show that:1)the environment for doing business in Chinese varies significantly across different provinces.Specifically,Beijing and Shanghai,as World Bank’s chosen samples for evaluating doing business in China,get significantly higher scores than other provinces;followed by Guangdong and Sichuan;Jiangsu,Chongqing and Zhejiang are ranked third;Hubei and Tianjin are ranked below the medium of the 31 provinces;and Guangxi and Tibet are ranked bottom.2)The balance degree of doing business in Chinese provinces also varies greatly.For example,Beijing,Shanghai,Guangdong and Sichuan constitute the top four,while Zhejiang,Anhui and Guizhou are highly unbalanced.3)There are also significant differences of doing business among the seven regions in China's Mainland.In this regard,the environment for doing business in Eastern China is significantly better than that in other regions;Southwest China,Northern China,Southern China and Central China followed;Northeast China and Northwest China are the most backward.In practice,the indicator system and evaluation results provide a guideline for provinces in mainland Chinese to optimize the environment for doing business.For example,Beijing,Shanghai,Guangdong and Sichuan should continue to move forward and to deepen the reform.For those provinces which have high-ranking in the overall environment for doing business while have low-ranking in balance degree,such as Zhejiang,Anhui and Guizhou,should keep their overall advantages and focus on optimizing sub-environments with low ranking.For the provinces at the bottom in the overall ranking,they should improve the overall business environment by not only optimizing certain sub-environment with comparative advantages based on local resource endowment,but also seeking opportunities to remedy the disadvantages resulting from other sub-environments.In theory,the evaluation results based on the indicator system reported in this paper will are helpful for relevant future research.For instance,using the quantitative results,future research can examine the effects of business environment in Chinese provinces on firms’business operation and firm performance,and investigate the mechanisms and boundary conditions,which will deepen our understanding of the connection between business environment and enterprises’operation in China.