心理资本、组织支持感在职业紧张与过度劳动关系中的作用——基于北京地区外卖骑手的调查

职业紧张导致的过度劳动问题,对劳动者个体、用人单位和社会经济发展均具有负面影响。以北京地区1114名全职外卖骑手为调查对象,基于相关理论和文献研究,采用四种问卷考察了心理资本、组织支持感在职业紧张与过度劳动关系中的作用。调查数据统计分析表明,98.56%的被调查外卖骑手存在职业紧张情况,过劳程度处于危险区和高危区的外卖骑手占比为77.65%。相关性分析与回归分析表明,外卖骑手职业紧张与过度劳动存在明显的正相关关系,同时职业紧张对心理资本有显著的负向影响。中介效应检验表明,心理资本在职业紧张和过度劳动的关系中起到部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的比例为34.86%。多元层级回归分析表明,组织支持感在职业紧张与过度劳动的关系间起显著的负向调节作用,即外卖骑手感知到的组织支持可以缓解职业紧张对过度劳动的影响。基于上述实证分析,外卖送餐企业可以通过降低工作要求来缓解外卖骑手的职业紧张,尝试对外卖骑手自我效能、乐观、希望和韧性等心理资本的内容进行开发,围绕情感性组织支持、工具性组织支持、上级支持和同事支持等维度,采取相关措施提高员工的组织支持感,以缓解外卖骑手过度劳动现状,促进外卖骑手群体的身心健康。

The Role of Psychological Capital and Organizational Support in the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Overwork——Based on a Survey of Take-out Riders in Beijing

The problem of overwork caused by occupational stress has a negative impact on individual workers,employers,and social and economic development.Taking 1114 full-time take-out riders in Beijing as the survey subjects,based on relevant theories and literature research,four questionnaires were used to investigate the role of psychological capital and organizational support in the relationship between occupational stress and overwork.The statistical analysis of the survey data shows that 98.56%of the take-out riders surveyed have occupational stress,and the proportion of take-out riders in the danger zone and high-risk zone is 77.65%.The correlation and regression analysis show that there is a clear positive correlation between the occupational stress of the take-out riders and overwork,and occupational stress has a significant negative impact on psychological capital.The mediation effect test shows that psychological capital plays a part of the mediation effect in the relationship between occupational stress and overwork,and the mediation effect accounts for 34.86%of the total effect.Multi-level regression analysis shows that organizational support plays a significant negative role in the relationship between occupational stress and overwork,that is,the organizational support perceived by take-out riders can alleviate the impact of occupational stress on overwork.Based on the above empirical analysis,food delivery companies can reduce the job requirements to alleviate the occupational tension of the take-out riders,try to develop the content of psychological capital such as self-efficacy,optimism,hope and resilience of the take-out riders,and focus on emotional organizational support and instrumentality organizational support,superior support,and colleague support,etc.,take relevant measures to improve employees'sense of organizational support,so as to alleviate the overwork status of take-out riders and promote the physical and mental health of them.