Return migration and the transfer of gender norms: Evidence from the Middle East |
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Authors: | Michele Tuccio Jackline Wahba |
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Affiliation: | 1. UMR DIAL, LEDa, IRD-Université Paris-Dauphine, Centre for Population Change, Paris, France;2. Economics Department, School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom |
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Abstract: | Does international return migration transfer gender norms? Focusing on Jordan, an Arab country where gender inequality and emigration rates are high, this paper exploits unique data in which detailed information on female empowerment allows us to construct several measures of social norms in Jordan on the role of women, female freedom of mobility, and female decision-making power. Controlling for both emigration and return migration selections, we find that women with a returnee family member are more likely to bear traditional gender norms than women in households with no migration experience. Further analysis shows that results are driven by returnees from more conservative Arab countries, suggesting a transfer of conservative norms from destinations with highly traditional gender roles. We also show the implications of our results beyond perceptions for several economic and development outcomes, such as female labour force participation, education and fertility. |
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Keywords: | F22 J16 O15 O53 International return migration Gender inequality Transfer of norms |
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