Urban crops and livestock: The experiences,challenges, and opportunities of planning for urban agriculture in two Canadian provinces |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Urban and Regional Planning, Queen''s University, 138 Union Street, Robert Sutherland Hall, Room 539, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;2. School of Planning, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1;1. Sostenipra Research Group (ICTA-IRTA-Inèdit; 2014 SGR 1412), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA; Unidad de excelencia «María de Maeztu» (MDM-2015-0552)), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;2. Inedit ecoinnovación e investigación ambiental S de RL de CV, Department of Ecoinnovation, Innovation and Digital Fabrication Hub (The HubLab), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico;3. Department of Anthropology Sciences, Autonomous University of Yucatan (UADY), km 1, Mérida-Tizimín Highway, Cholul, 97305 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico;4. Department of Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan (UADY), Avenue Industrias no contaminantes s/n x Periférico norte, 150, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico;5. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA; Unidad de excelencia «María de Maeztu» (MDM-2015-0552)), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;6. Department of Projects and Construction Engineering (DEPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech., Diagonal 647, Ed. H, 08028, Barcelona, Spain;7. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DECA), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-BarcelonaTech), Campus Nord, C/Jordi Girona 1–3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;8. Institute for Sustainability Science and Technology (IS.UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-BarcelonaTech), Campus Nord, C/Jordi Girona 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;9. Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;1. School of Urban Planning and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Room 400, Macdonald-Harrington Building, 815 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C2;2. Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9;1. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship PMB 1, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale 3195, VIC, Australia;2. Environmental Studies Department, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;3. Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 401 Biological Laboratories, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA;1. Sostenipra Research Group (ICTA-IRTA-Inèdit; 2014 SGR 1412), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA), Unidad de excelencia «María de Maeztu» (CEX2019-000940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;2. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA), Unidad de excelencia «María de Maeztu» (CEX2019-000940-M), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;3. Department of Projects and Construction Engineering (DEPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Diagonal 647, Ed. H, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DECA), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-BarcelonaTech), Campus Nord, C/Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;5. Institute for Sustainability Science and Technology (IS.UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC-BarcelonaTech), Campus Nord, C/Jordi Girona 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;6. Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | While many municipalities globally are currently undertaking initiatives to support urban agriculture, policies and zoning regulations can act as barriers, with the former usually not integrated with planning. Extensive research has been conducted on urban agriculture policies in the global South, but much less is known about associated practices and policies in the global North. This is especially true for the Canadian context and therefore the present study aims at improving our overall understanding of the urban agriculture situation in two Canadian provinces. Relevant policies, such as official plans or official community plans, alternate policy documents and guidelines, zoning by-laws, and animal-related by-laws were reviewed for 10 municipalities in Ontario and in British Columbia, all varying in socio-economic and climatological characteristics. Additional key informant interviews were conducted with municipal planners, community garden coordinators, and other municipal staff familiar with urban agriculture policies from six of the selected municipalities.In line with global trends, our results suggest that urban agriculture is becoming more widespread in the two provinces. However, even though all studied municipalities consistently support urban agriculture, they vary significantly in their approach, with some municipalities focusing much more narrowly on certain types of activities than others. Overall, community advocacy and municipal council support are the most important drivers in the policy process. Key informants expressed a need to bridge existing gaps between policy adoption and implementation of tools, emphasize public education and public awareness, create inventories of land available for urban agriculture, incorporate urban agriculture in the development review process, and focus on the commercial potential of the practice. Encouragingly, despite the many challenges that need to be addressed, we found that many opportunities exist that municipalities could consider when creating improved local urban agriculture policies and tools to enhance the urban food system. |
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| Keywords: | Urban agriculture Urban planning Municipal policy Food system Ontario British Columbia |
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