Sex-hormone genes and gender difference in ultimatum game: Experimental evidence from China and Israel |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore;2. Department of Finance, National University of Singapore, Singapore;3. Department of Economics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong;4. Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore;5. Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Israel;1. Department of Economics, Bocconi University, Italy;2. Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Italy;3. Department of Economics, University of Verona, Italy;1. Department of Economics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Str.1, 10099 Berlin, Germany;2. CERGE-EI, Prague, Czech Republic;3. CESifo, Munich, Germany;4. GRIPS - National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8677, Japan;5. Escola de Economia e Gestão and NIMA, University of Minho, 4170-057 Braga, Portugal;1. University of Koblenz-Landau and Max-Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Germany;2. University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany;3. University of Heidelberg, Germany;4. University of Copenhagen, Denmark;1. Department of Social Sciences, Zeppelin University, Am Seemooser Horn 20, D-88045 Friedrichshafen, Germany;2. Department of Economics, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus Platz, D-50923 Cologne, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Combining the methodologies of experimental economics and molecular genetics, we report a genetic association between sex-hormone genes and ultimatum game (UG) behavior in a discovery sample from China and a replication sample from Israel. The androgen receptor gene is found to be associated with UG responder behavior for male but not female subjects in the Chinese population, but this finding is not replicated in the Israeli sample. The estrogen receptor β gene is significantly associated with female UG responder behavior but not for male subjects in the Chinese sample. This finding is marginally replicated in the Israeli sample. Overall, our findings provide suggestive evidence on a gender specific relationship between sex-hormone genes and UG responder behavior, and can contribute to a deeper understanding of gender differences in fairness preference at the level of molecular genetics. |
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| Keywords: | Ultimatum game Gender difference Sex hormone Genetics |
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