Passing the food and agricultural R&D buck? The United States and China |
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| Institution: | 1. International Science and Technology Practice and Policy (InSTePP) Center, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, United States;2. School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and the China Center for Agricultural Policy (CCAP), Peking University, Beijing, China;3. School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China;1. Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, United States;2. Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States;3. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, United States;4. Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, Research Triangle Institute International, United states;1. Centre for Global Food and Resources, Faculty of the Professions, University of Adelaide, L5, 10 Pulteney Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;2. Faculty of the Professions, University of Adelaide, L11, 10 Pulteney Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;3. China Center for Agricultural Policy, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, No 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China;1. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;1. China Centre for Agricultural Policy & School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, 10087, China;2. Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China;3. College of Land Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, China;4. Institute of Quantitative and Technological Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China;5. China Centre for Agricultural Policy & School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, The Peking University, China |
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| Abstract: | The global geographical balance of food and agricultural R&D spending is shifting, characterized by a declining U.S. share and a rising middle-income-country share, propelled heavily by the rapid rise of spending in China. Based on our newly compiled data, we estimate that China now outspends the United States on both public and private food and agricultural research on a purchasing power parity basis. The public-private orientation of the research has also changed markedly, with the private sector now accounting for around two-thirds of the food and agricultural R&D spending total in both China and the United States. Our estimates indicate that China’s private sector tilts heavily towards post-farm R&D activities, whereas the U.S. private sector is split more evenly between on-farm and post-farm spending. While the intensity of Chinese investment in food and agricultural R&D (relative to agricultural GDP) is beginning to grow, it still lags well behind the food and agricultural R&D investment intensities of the United States and other higher-income Asian countries (e.g., Japan and South Korea). The development regularities we reveal in the longer-run trends are indicative of future R&D investment patterns with potentially profound long-run implications for the size, shape and accessibility of the global stocks of scientific knowledge that underpin food and agricultural sectors worldwide. |
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| Keywords: | Research and development (R&D) Food Agriculture Public spending Private spending |
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