宅基地三权分置的制度需求、实现形式与法律表达

研究目的:通过分析宅基地三权分置的制度需求和实现形式,揭示宅基地三权分置形成的权利结构以及权利的法律性质与法理逻辑。研究方法:法社会学和法经济学相结合的比较研究方法。研究结果:(1)受城镇化和工业化的影响,农户分化为纯农户、兼业户和非农户。纯农户对宅基地有保障性需求,非农户有财产性需求,兼业户两者兼有。宅基地两权分置满足了纯农户和兼业户的保障性需求,三权分置满足了非农户和兼业户的财产性需求。(2)三权分置的实现形式有延伸经营权、分置成员权和分置人役权等模式。延伸经营权模式和分置人役权模式较好地保护了已取得居住权益,分置成员权模式较好地保护了待取得居住权益。(3)宅基地三权分置的法律表达,需要兼顾效率与公平的制度需求,形成逻辑严谨的权利体系。在“所有权—使用权—经营权”框架的基础上,补充构建宅基地居住权和成员权等权利类型。经营权的性质为次用益物权,承担资源经济利用的社会功能;居住权的性质为人役权,承担保障农户已取得居住权益的社会功能;成员权的性质为集体成员分配请求权,承担保障农户待取得居住权益的社会功能。研究结论:宅基地三权分置响应了纯农户、兼业户和非农户在城镇化和工业化背景下对保障和财产的差异化功能需求。在“所有权—使用权—经营权”权利框架的基础上,补充构建宅基地居住权和成员权等权利类型,可以形成逻辑更为严谨的权利体系。

Institutional Demand, Implementation Form and Legal Expression of the Tripartite Entitlement System of Rural Residential Land

The purpose of the article is to explore institutional function and legal logic of the tripartite entitlement system of rural residential land(TES)and nature of these rights through analyzing social demands and practices of the TES policy.The mixed research methods of law sociology and law economics are used in this paper.The results show that:1)as a result of urbanization and industrialization,rural households are divided into pure rural households,part-time rural households and off-farm rural households.Pure rural households have a secure demand for rural residential land,off-farm households have a property demand,and part-time rural households have both.The bipartite entitlement system of rural residential land(BES)meets the security demands of pure rural households and part-time rural households,and TES meets the property demands of off-farm rural households and part-time rural households.2)There are three implementation forms of TES:the extended management right model,the subdivided membership right model and the subdivided personal servitude right model.The extended management right model and the subdivided membership right model well secure the extant residential rights,while the subdivided personal servitude right model well secures the residential rights remaining to be obtained.3)The legal expression of TES is based on the framework of“ownership-use right-management right”and supplemented by the residence and membership rights.The nature of the residence right of is a personal servitude right,which takes on the social function of protecting the acquired residential interests of farmers.Furthermore,the nature of the membership right is a claim right for distribution,which takes on the social function of protecting the residential interests of farmers to be acquired.In conclusion,TES affects the differentiated demands of pure rural households,part-time rural households and off-farm rural households towards security and property during the urbanization and industrialization.A rather rigorous property rights system can be set up based on the framework of“ownership-use right-management right”and supplemented by the residence and membership rights.