政府和社会资本合作(PPP)立法的美国镜鉴与启示

尽管我国与美国的体制、国情社情、PPP发展情况不尽相同,但美国PPP立法的经验与教训对我国的PPP立法具有重要启示作用。PPP在美国是旧现象、新概念,存在"横向""纵向"之分。联邦层面至今没有统一的PPP法律,相关立法散见联邦立法与州立法中,集中在交通运输领域,主要是授权立法,整体上呈现多层级、分散式的特征。美国现行PPP法律引发合同条款约束政府公共行为、为加快项目进程不惜削弱环境保护、PPP采购缺乏竞争性等争议,由此带来的经验启示包括:加强顶层设计、加大金融支持力度、明确政府间财政关系等。

American Experience and Enlightenment of PPP Legislation

Although China and the United States have different systems, national conditions, and PPP development, the experience and lessons of US PPP legislation have important implications for China''s PPP legislation. PPP is an old phenomenon and a new concept in the United States, and there are "horizontal" and "vertical" points. At present, there is no unified PPP law at the federal level. Relevant legislation is scattered in federal legislation and state legislation. It is concentrated in the field of transportation, mainly authorizing legislation, and presents multi-level and decentralized features as a whole. The current US PPP law has caused contractual clauses to constrain government public behavior, to speed up the project process, to weaken environmental protection, and PPP procurement lacks competition. The resulting lessons include: strengthening top-level design, increasing financial support, and clarifying intergovernmental fiscal relations.