中国收入差距中的机会不均等

本文使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据和基于回归方程的分解方法,将全国、城镇和农村地区的收入差距分解为源于环境因素的机会不均等、源于努力因素的收入不均等,以及源于运气和未知因素的收入不均等三大成分,研究结果如下。(1)2010—2015年,全国、城镇和农村机会不均等均经历了先上升后下降的过程,但出生时户籍的贡献度有上升趋势。(2)通过估算,2010年我国机会不均等为24.39%,2012年为28.04%,2013年达到峰值35.72%,2015年下降到30.56%,而如果不考虑党员身份、迁移两个努力变量以及环境变量与努力变量的交互影响,估算结果会被高估至少8个百分点;居住地、性别、出生时户籍是机会不均等的重要来源。(3)2010—2015年,农村机会不均等平均水平达到33.31%,高出城镇约8个百分点。其中,年龄与性别因素是导致农村机会不均等过高的原因,而居住地差异是城镇机会不均等的主要来源。基于此,本文建议从协调区域发展、完善就业公平竞争机制、加快户籍制度改革三个方面减缓机会不均等。

Inequality of Opportunity and Income Inequality in China

Using CGSS data and a regression-based decomposition method,this paper decomposes income inequality into the inequality of opportunity caused by environmental factors,income inequality caused by effort,and income inequality caused by luck and unknown factors.The results show that:(1)from 2010 to 2015,the inequality of opportunity in China,in its urban and rural areas,all increased first and then declined,but the contribution of hukou had an upward trend.(2)China's inequality of opportunity was 24.39%in 2010,28.04%in 2012,35.72%in 2013 and 30.56%in 2015.If not considering party membership,migration,and the interaction between environment and effort,the result would be overestimated by at least 8 percentage points;residence,gender and hukou were the important sources of the inequality of opportunity.(3)From 2010 to 2015,the inequality of opportunity faced by rural residents was 33.31%on average,about 8 percentage points higher than that of urban residents.Age and gender factors are the reasons for the higher inequality of opportunity faced by rural residents,and residence is the main source of inequality of opportunity faced by urban population.Based on these,this paper proposes to promote regional coordinated development,accelerate household registration reform and improve the fair competition mechanism for employment.