制度增权:社区参与旅游发展之土地权利变革

社区参与旅游发展失败的原因可以归结为三个方面:权利失败、机会缺失与能力匮乏。对于后两者,研究者们已经开展了广泛的研究。而针对社区居民"无权"和"去权"的权利失败状况,学术界至今缺乏应有的关注。文章以马克思地租理论为起点,结合现代产权理论,通过对典型案例的研究,剖析了我国农村土地产权状态及其决定的旅游开发增值收益分配在理论上和现实中的矛盾性,提出了"吸引物权"这一新型的产权权利,并指出我国农村社区参与权利失败的制度性根源在于集体土地所有权受限制支配、所有权主体"虚位"和吸引物权"缺位",最后,在此基础上提出了推动中国农村社区参与旅游发展的土地权利变革之路。

Institutional Empowerment: Community Participation and Changes of Land Property Rights in Tourism Development

The failure of community participation in tourism development can be attributed to the failure of entitlement,lack of political opportunity and weak capability.Scholars have held extensive studies about the latter two topics but they lack corresponding concern about the failure of entitlement,namely;"non-entitlement" and "de-entitlement" of local community residents.The paper,starting from Marx’s classical theory on land rent and combining modern theory of property rights,through typical case studies,analyzes the situation of China’s rural land property and contradictions of profit distribution in tourism development both in theory and reality,puts forward a new-type property right——"attraction property right".The paper points out that the institutional source of the failure of community participation in China’s rural areas lies in the fact that collective land ownership is dominated by restriction,characterized by "nominal position" of ownership subject and "vacant position" of attraction property right.Finally,the paper proposes the path of reformation to promote land property rights in the process of community participation in tourism development in China’s rural areas.