由生存经济看农村高利贷的表达与实践

本来是一个纯经济现象的高利贷问题,在文化与政治因素介入后,变成了一个复杂的意识形态问题.文化和政治对高利贷的"表达",深刻地影响了高利贷发展的"实践".明清以来的经验显示,高利贷本是一种生存借贷,置农村生存经济状态于不顾的单方面打击高利贷活动,不仅不能根除高利贷产生的土壤,反而加剧了高利贷的风险溢价,降低了小农的信贷可得性,恶化了小农的信贷状况.实际上,小农在借贷活动中,关心的主要是信贷可得性和利息额问题,而不是通常认为的利息率问题.对高利贷问题的不适当"表达",不利于农村融资问题的解决.让农民走出生存经济状况,才能根除高利贷产生的土壤.在仍处于发展中的小农经济状态时,不应将小农的生产借贷也推向生存借贷市场,加大农户的借贷成本,使得正常的生产性投资也难以进行,政策重点在于扶持农村的生产性借贷,千方百计地扩大小农的信贷可得性,并充分利用传统民间金融手段,而不是一味打击所谓的"高利贷".

Farmer' s Survival Status and Usury in Rural China: Definition and Practice

The definition of Usury problems has crucial influence to practice. This paper studies the relationship of usury and farmer's survival status. A Review of usury practices in Ming and Qing Dynasty reveals that, usury is rooted in farmer's survival economy. Therefore, we can't just simply abolish it because it will make farmers even harder to access finance and their financing cost will be even higher than before. The mis-presentation of usury makes farmer s financing status even worse. The way to root usuiy out lies in the effort to extricate farmers from survival economy. When they are still in the survival economy, the key of financial policy is to make farmers easier to assess credit.