近世日本传统暖地稻作技术研究:兼与清代中国的比较

近世日本的传统暖地稻作技术(1)是为应对暖地气候条件及土壤环境而诞生的一种特色水稻栽培方法。其中,"稀播疏植"核心技术的实施有效缓解了暖地气候所带来的秧苗徒长、过繁茂化等问题;合理排灌、高肥栽培、综合防治等配套技术的应用有效确保了稻田的水肥供给和虫害防治的效果;而暗渠排水、干鰯肥田、鲸鱼油防虫等措施则极具日本地方特色。从技术的实施效果来看,传统暖地稻作技术实现了水稻的稳定高产和瘦田增收,对于当代农业生产依然具有十分重要的生态价值和借鉴意义。通过与同时期清代中国的比较发现,日中两国在水稻用种、插秧规格、稻田灌溉等方面的做法较为相似,即两国都主张通过"稀播疏植,精细管理"的方式来发展稻作生产。基于比较结论和种种史实,我们推测日本这一技术的形成在很大程度上应是受到清代中国的影响。

A Research of Modern Japanese Traditional Warm-land Rice:A Comparison with Chinese Qing Dynasty

The traditional rice cultivation in warm land of modern Japan is a distinguishing method of rice cultivation which was derived to cope with the warm climate and soil environment.Thus,the warm cli-mate has brought about difficulties such as overgrowth of the rice seeding,excessive lushness of the vine,and so on.However,the introduction of a core technology,thin sowing and sparse planting,has effectively eased these dilemma.Furthermore,the supplication of water and fertilizer besides the pest control have been guaranteed after the application of complementary measures such as reasonable drainage and irrigation,high-fat culti-vation,as well as comprehensive control.Moreover,there also existed very distinctive regional manners such as culvert drainage,sardines fertilizer fields,and whale oil pest controller.From the perspective of technology implementation,traditional warm-land rice cultivation has both achieved stable and high yield of rice and increased income from lean fields.It still has very important ecological value and reference significance for contemporary agricultural production.Through comparison with Chinese Qing Dynasty at the same historic period,it was found that Japan and China shared certain similarities in their rice seedlings,rice planting specifications,and paddy field irrigation,that is,both countries advocated rice production through the method of“thin sowing and sparse planting with fine management”.Based on comparative conclusions and various historical facts,we speculate that the formation of this technology should be largely influenced by Chinese Qing Dynasty.