文人、文祸、典籍——从《史记》看秦始皇的“焚书”“坑儒”

“焚书”“坑儒”是秦始皇时期发生的重要政治、文化事件。文章根据《史记》记载，参考了近年来出土的秦简及前人研究成果，对这两个事件进行了重新审视和评价。“焚书”“坑儒”，并不是要焚毁所有儒家经典和坑尽儒生，而是镇压那些利用《诗》《书》来诽谤朝政和违抗秦始皇旨意的诸生（儒生、术士），焚毁“天下书不中用者”。“焚书”坑儒”是秦朝实行政治、思想、文化专制的体现。

Perspective of the First Emporor of Qin Dynasty＇s ＂Fen Shu＂ and ＂Keng Ru＂ from Historical Records

＂Fenshu＂ and ＂Kengru＂ （burning books and burying Confucian scholars） were two important political and cultural events in the period of Qin Shihuang （first emperor of Qin）. According to the Historical Records and referring to the research results of some new unearthed Qinjian （bamboo slips of Qin period） in recent years, this article generalizes numerous former findings and once again surveys and evaluates these two events. ＂Fenshu＂ and ＂Kengru＂ were not aimed to destroy all Confucian classical books and bury all Confucian scholars, and the purpose was to put down the people （scholars and sorcerers） who used Shi, Shu （typical Confucian books） to defame the royal government and defy the order of Qin Shihuang and bury adverse books all over China. ＂ ＂ and cultural autocracy in Oin Dvnn~tv Fenshu and ＂Kengru＂ was the reflection of political, ideological