技术生态位对企业绩效的影响研究：技术宽度和技术重叠度整合视角

文章定义技术生态位为企业技术能力相对位置和发展潜力,用以刻画竞争视角下企业技术能力全貌,在整合技术宽度和技术重叠度基础上,发展出"技术追随型"技术多样型"技术专长型"和"技术平衡型"四类技术生态位。在实证中使用了2011-2018年沪深医药上市公司面板数据,比较了不同技术生态位企业的短期绩效和长期绩效。结果显示,相对于"技术追随型"企业,"技术多样型"、"技术专长型"和"技术平衡型"企业有更高的短期绩效;且"技术多样型"、"技术专长型"企业有更高的长期绩效;相对"技术多样型"企业,"技术平衡型"企业有更高的短期绩效,二者在长期绩效上的差别不显著。技术生态位分类有助于更全面准确地测量企业技术能力,从而更清晰地解释技术能力对企业绩效的作用机制,也为理解企业技术能力演化过程提供了新视角。

The Impact of Technological Niches on Firms' Performance: An Integrated Perspective of Technological Breadth and Technological Overlap

Technological capability is essential for firms' superior performance, yet extant research on evolutional mechanism of firms' technological capability is limited due to measuring difficulty. To describe a holistic picture of a firm's technological capability from a competition perspective, we define a firm's technological niche as the relative position and development potential of its technological capability. By integrating the dimensions of technological breadth and technological overlap, the study puts forward four types of firms in different technological niches, those are, "technological following", "technological diversification", "technological specializing" and "technological balancing" firms.Using data of 207 Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing listed firms in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from year 2011 to 2018, we compare the short-term and long-term performances of firms locating at different types of technological niches. The empirical results indicate that "technological diversification", "technological specializing" and "technological balancing" firms have better short-term performance than that of "technological following" firms, while "technological diversification" and "technological specializing" firms have better long-term performance than that of "technological following" firms."Technological balancing" firms exhibit better short-term performance than "technological diversification" firms, while the difference of long-term performance between the two types of firms is not significant. Our findings confirm that the classification of technological niches is meaningful for featuring a holistic picture of firm's technological capabilities accurately.The possible contributions of the study are as following. Firstly,classification of technological niches helps measuring a firm's technological capability more comprehensively and appropriately, therefore helps explaining the effect of technological capabilities on firms' performance more clearly. Secondly, it also provides foundation on understanding the evolution of a firm's technological capabilities by investigating the migration between different stages of technological niches.