空气污染对地区科技创新水平的影响研究——基于专利授权大数据的证据

空气污染对产业的科技创新同时产生"抑制效应"和"激励效应",前者指空气污染会触发环境规制强化,提高企业成本,进而抑制产业的科技创新,后者指空气污染会激励产业转型创新,进而促进科技创新。那么,近年我国空气污染对产业创新水平的影响是哪一种效应占据主导地位？在什么条件下"激励效应"会超过"抑制效应"？不同地区不同产业的影响效果是否相同？围绕上述问题,文章基于34个细分产业的专利授权大数据的证据,通过固定效应基本模型,建立空气污染浓度与产业科技创新水平之间的相关关系;结合动态面板模型,分析空气污染浓度与产业科技创新水平之间的因果关系;并进一步在不同的污染产业、不同的环境规制严格程度和34个细分产业条件下进行了异质性分析,在环境规制存量、执法力度、改变科技创新变量和改变固定效应的条件下进行了稳健性分析,并从作用渠道和协同效应两方面解释了作用机制。实证研究发现,在全国层面,空气污染对科技创新水平产生的"激励效应"大于"抑制效应",在污染地区和污染密集产业,空气污染对科技创新水平有更大的促进效果。根据文章的分析,在全国层面空气污染倒逼企业进行科技创新的激励效应很大,足够抵消空气污染对科技创新造成的抑制效应。但这并不意味着空气污染是可以接受的,促进科技创新水平提升的根本原因是激励效应,因此,建议政府更多地关注和加强激励效应,完善环境保护制度,加强环境监督力度,同时对科技创新进行更多的投入。

The Impact of Air Pollution on Regional Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Big Data of Patent Authorization

Air pollution has both "inhibition effect" and "incentive effect" on industrial technological innovation. The former refers to the fact that air pollution will trigger the strengthening of environmental regulations and increase corporate costs, thereby inhibiting industrial technological innovation. The latter means that air pollution will stimulate industrial transformation and innovation. Then, in recent years, Which effect do my country's air pollution have on the level of industrial innovation dominates? Under what conditions will the "incentive effect" exceed the "inhibition effect"? Are the effects of different industries in different regions the same?Focusing on the above issues, based on the big data evidence of patent authorization in 34 sub-industries, we (1)use the basic fixed effect model to establish the correlation between air pollution concentration and the level of industrial technology innovation; (2)use the dynamic panel model to analyze the causal relationship between air pollution concentration and the level of industrial technological innovation; (3)study the heterogeneity of different polluting industries, different environmental regulatory rigor and 34 sub-industry conditions; (4)carry out robustness analysis under the conditions of the stock of environmental regulations, the intensity of lawenforcement, the change of technological innovation variables and the change of fixed effects; (5)explain the mechanism of action from two aspects:channels of action and synergy. Empirical studies have found that at the national level, the "incentive effect" of air pollution on the level of technological innovation is greater than the "inhibition effect". In polluted areas and pollution-intensive industries, air pollution has a greater effect on the level of technological innovation. According to the analysis of this article, the incentive effect of air pollution forcing enterprises to carry out scientific and technological innovation at the national level is great, which is enough to offset the inhibitory effect of air pollution on scientific and technological innovation. But this does not mean that air pollution is acceptable.The fundamental reason for promoting the improvement of technological innovation is the incentive effect.Therefore, it is recommended that the government pay more attention to and strengthen the incentive effect, improve the environmental protection system, strengthen environmental supervision, and at the same time More investment in technological innovation.