构建新型工农城乡关系:从打开城门到开放村庄

制度是解构工农城乡关系生成及演化规律的关键。从人民公社体制到家庭承包制的制度变迁,由集体经营变革为家庭经营,释放出大量农业剩余劳动力。财政包干制度促进乡镇企业蓬勃发展,农业劳动力就近就地转移进入非农产业。随后的分税制则激发工业化与城市开发热情高涨,大量农业用地被征收为国有用地,也促使农业劳动力由农村地区转向工业与商业聚集的城市,但在户籍制度的约束下,进城务工的农村居民难以获得市民化的身份认同,人户分离成为普遍现象。制度问题的根源在于以城市为中心的发展逻辑,造成生产和生活要素向城市单向流动和集中,从而形成城乡分割、引发城乡关系扭曲与不可持续问题。打破以城市为中心的发展格局、构建新型工农城乡关系的策略在于：打开村门,以农村土地制度变革为突破口；反哺乡村,以城乡融合推进农业高质量发展；缓解约束,以开放村庄引导主体与要素进村；构建载体,以县域经济发展融入城市价值链。

Building a New Relationship between Urban Industry and Rural Agriculture: From Opening City to Opening Village

Institutions are the key to deconstruct the formation and evolution of mutual relationship between urban industry and rural agriculture. The transition from the people's commune system to the household contract system showed that the rural system has been changed from collective operation to household operation, thus emerging huge numbers of agricultural surplus labor. The financial responsibility system has promoted the vigorous development of township enterprises and motivated agricultural labor force transferring locally to non-agricultural industries. Then the tax sharing system has promoted the blooming of industrialization and urbanization. Considerable agricultural land was being converted to state-owned land and motivated local agricultural labor force transferring to cities where industry and commerce were better developed. However, because of the registered residence system, it is difficult for rural residents in cities to get citizenship identity, and the separation of residential place and registration place has become a common phenomenon. The underlying problem lies in the logic of considering only cities as priority development areas. It leads to the unidirectional flow and concentration of production and living elements to cities, thus forming the situation of urban-rural separation. It also leads to the distortion and unsustainable problems of the urban-rural relationship. The strategies to break the urban centered development pattern and build a new relationship between urban industry and rural agriculture lie in: opening villages based on reforming rural land system, advancing rural areas based on integrating with urban areas and promoting high-quality development, easing all constraints for guiding labors and other elements serving rural areas, forming a system for incorporating the county economic development into the urban value chain.