中国发展经验的理论与实用含义——非正规经济实践

对中国经济改革的理解主要来自“新制度经济学”，特别强调市场化的私有公司以及相关法律所起的作用；Andrew Walder和钱颖一等则指出，地方政府，尤其是其乡村企业，扮演了关键的角色。但两种分析都不能解释20世纪90年代中期以来的经验：发展的主要动力变为地方政府在“招商引资”的竞争下为外来企业所提供的大力支持。它们普遍用低于其成本的土地和配套基础设施，另加各种显性和隐性补贴以及税收优惠，并允许绕过国家劳动和环保法律来招引外来投资。正是它们的这种非正规实践以及伴之而兴起的庞大的非正规经济，而不仅是外来企业，才是中国惊人的GDP增长的主要动力，同时也是其日益加剧的社会与环境危机的来源。本文的分析来自历史＋理论的视角，所指向的是对中国改革经验的新的理解和实用措施。

Theoretical and Practical Implications of Chinese Development Experience-The Practices of Informal Economy

China＇s economic reform has been understood mainly in terms of the ＂new institutional economics＂, emphasizing the role of marketized private firms and related laws. Andrew Walder and Yingyi Qian, however, have pointed out instead the crucial role played by Chinese local governments, especially their township and village enterprises. Neither interpretation, however, can account for what has happened in China since the mid 1990s, when the main engine for development shifted to local governments＇ competition for and active support of outside investment. Typically, local governments have provided land and related infrastructural support below cost plus special subsidies and tax privileges, and also circumvented formal rules and regulations on labor use and environmental protection. Those informal practices and the huge accompanying informal economy, not just the new enterprises drawn in, have been the main dynamic both for China＇s striking GDP growth and its mounting social and environmental crises. The analysis presented here is historical cum theoretical and calls for a new understanding of China＇s development experience and of its practical implications.