中国铁路运输供需缺口及相关产业组织政策分析

铁路运输的供需受经济发展水平、工业化进程、人均收入等诸多因素的影响。中国目前受各种因素影响，铁路运输供需缺口较大。根据实证分析测算，中国目前铁路货运供需缺口率为35．74％，客运供需缺口率为43．09％。导致铁路运输供需缺口长期存在的原因主要是铁路运输企业目标错位，定价机制失效，投资机制扭曲，行业进入壁垒较高等。从根本上解决铁路运输供需缺口问题需要大力推进制度建设和体制改革，包括实施“网运分离”，理顺价格机制；实行激励性规制，消除行政垄断；完善投资体制，促进行业内与行业间的有效竞争等。

Analysis of the Demand-Supply Gap of Chinese Railway and Related Policies

The demand and supply of railway transportation are influenced by factors like the level of economic development, stage of industrialization and income per head. There is a big gap between demand and supply of Chinese railway transportation due to many factors. The gap of freight transport is 35.74% while the gap of passenger transport is 43.09%. The existence of the gap for a long time is due to factors like incorrect firm goals, failure of price mechanism, distort of investment mechanism, and the high barrier of entry of the industry. To resolve the problem of demand-supply gap of Chinese railway transportation, we have to improve the reform of Chinese railway industry by separating transportation from the networks, improving price mechanism, taking incentive regulation, and improving competition in the industry, and so on.