晚清民初上海文人的经济生活与身份转型——以王韬、包天笑为例

近代上海城市的发展，把一批传统士人卷了进来，中国文人由此开始走出延续千百年的仕途经济，走向近代城市的分工体系和独立职业空间。作为晚清上海初始城市化的亲历者，王韬在文化心理和经济生活两方面，经历了一场由“士人”转向城市职业者的艰难蜕变。而生活于清末民初上海的包天笑，则以明确的职业归属感，取代了传统士人的仕宦情结，中国文人至此初步完成了由传统政教依附者向近代独立文化人的转型。

Everyday Life and Identity Formation: Wang Tao, Bao Tian-xiao,and Shanghai-based Scholars in Late Qing and Early Republican China

Urban development of modern Shanghai transformed the life of the traditional shi(scholar-official) class.Chinese literati began to break away from the thousand-years-long tradition that prioritized the career in bureaucracy,to familiarize themselves with the new system of division of labor,and to pursue independent careers in an increasingly sophisticated urban environment.As an eyewitness of Shanghai's initial urbanization,Wang Tao experienced a difficult transformation,both culturally and psychologically,from a traditional shi to an ordinary professional in the city.On the other hand,Bao Tian-xiao,who lived in Shanghai during late Qing and early Republican China,was more comfortable with this transition,and his sense of career belonging outweighed the desire for bureaucracy.The cases of Wang and Bao exemplified the transformation of the Chinese literati from an appendage to bureaucratic politics to independent intellectuals in modern China.