国家创新体系结构比较：理论与实践双维视角

系统、直观的创新体系结构是研究国家创新体系的基础，体系中各创新要素功能定位、互动关系是分析国家创新体系运行机制的关键。通过理论分析和国际实践，提炼国家创新体系结构类型，提出“三元串联协同”和“三元并联互动”两种不同的结构框架，并进行对比研究。结果发现：两种结构不分优劣，不同结构中创新主体相同且宏观创新逻辑一致，但是创新链条数量及功能不同，对创新辅体的倚重度也不同；美国、德国等更接近“三元并联互动”体系；瑞典、中国等更接近“三元串联协同”体系；提升创新体系效能，解决“卡脖子”难题，需要优化当前创新体系结构或促进创新体系结构转型。

Comparison of national Innovation System Structure: from the Perspective of Theory and Practice

Systematic and intuitive innovation system structure is the foundation of scientific and technological innovation research, and the function orientation and interaction of innovation elements are the key to analyzing the operation mechanism of national innovation system. Focusing on the three problems, this paper, through theoretical analysis and international practice, refines the types of national innovation architecture, proposes two different structural frameworks of "ternary series collaboration" and "ternary parallel interaction", and makes a comparative study. The results show that the innovation subjects are the same and the macro innovation logic is the same in different structures, but the number and function of the innovation chains are different, and the dependence on the innovation cooperatives is different. The United States, Germany and other closer to the "ternary parallel interaction" system; Sweden, China and other countries are closer to the "three-way tandem coordination" system. To improve the efficiency of innovation system and solve the problem of "stuck neck", it is necessary to optimize the current innovation architecture or promote the transformation of innovation architecture.