环境规制工具与环境友好型技术创新：知识产权保护的双门槛效应

环境规制对技术创新的影响是当前学术界研究热点,已有大量基于“波特假说”的实证研究。然而,对于环境规制工具是否以及如何影响环境友好型技术创新,学术界尚未达成共识。而且,从理论上讲,“波特弱假说”涉及双重外部性问题,即技术创新的正外部性和环境污染的负外部性,需要环境规制和知识产权保护合力解决,而知识产权保护未引起普遍重视。采用中国内地30个省、市（区）2004－2019年面板数据,构建基于知识产权保护强度的动态门槛模型,实证检验知识产权保护在环境规制工具影响环境友好型技术创新中的作用机理。研究发现：3类环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的影响存在以知识产权保护强度为门槛的双重门槛效应。具体而言,市场激励型环境规制工具随着知识产权保护强度跨过第一门槛值呈现由负向抑制到正向促进的阶段性突变趋势;命令控制型环境规制工具随着知识产权保护强度跨过第二门槛值呈现由正向促进到负向抑制的阶段性突变趋势;公众参与型环境规制工具在知识产权保护强度介于两个门槛值之间时,对环境友好型技术创新的促进效应显著。

Environmental Regulation Tools and Environmentally Friendly Technological Innovation:Double Threshold Effect of Intellectual Property Protection

With the consumption of natural resources and the deterioration of the ecological environment, environmentally friendly technologies become vital for enterprises to realize transformation and upgradation under the constraints of environmental regulations. #br#Due to the existence of opportunistic behavior of enterprises, it is difficult to effectively solve the problem of environmental pollution only by relying on the market mechanism. Therefore, governments at all levels have adopted a series of environmental regulation policies to intervene in different degrees in order to reduce pollutant emissions and protect the environment. The impact of environmental regulation on technological innovation is currently a research hotspot in academia, and there have been a large number of empirical studies based on the Porter Hypothesis. However, the academic community has not yet reached a consensus on whether and how environmental regulatory tools affect environmentally friendly technological innovation. Moreover, theoretically speaking, the Porter's Weak Hypothesis involves the problem of dual externalities, that is, the positive externalities of technological innovation and the negative externalities of environmental pollution both require the joint efforts of environmental regulation and intellectual property protection to solve them, while intellectual property protection has not yet attracted general attention. #br#In the dual background of the continuous improvement of the implementation effect of environmental regulatory tools and the continuous improvement of China's intellectual property protection system, have environmental regulatory tools promote China's environmentally friendly technological innovation? Does the strength of intellectual property protection play a role as a booster in the process of environmental regulation tools promoting environmentally friendly technological innovation? Does the intensity of intellectual property protection differ in the mechanism of different types of environmental regulatory tools on environmentally friendly technological innovation? It is of great significance to promoting China's environmentally friendly technological innovation by studying the above issues. #br#Based on this, this paper attempts to empirically analyze the impact of environmental regulatory tools on environmentally friendly technological innovation from the perspective of intellectual property protection, and reveal the mechanism of intellectual property protection in the impact of environmental regulatory tools on environmentally friendly technological innovation. Specifically,this paper takes the intensity of intellectual property protection as the threshold variable, and empirically tests whether there is a nonlinear relationship between environmental regulation tools and environment-friendly technological innovation, and further verifies whether the dynamic change of intellectual property protection intensity has a threshold effect in the impact of three types of environmental regulation tools on environment-friendly technological innovation.#br#This paper uses panel data from 30 provinces, cities (regions) in China from 2004 to 2019, selects a nonlinear panel threshold regression model and takes the ratio of technology market turnover to GDP to represent the strength of intellectual property protection. Then it examines the characteristics of the nonlinear threshold of intellectual property protection, and study the internal correlation and influence mechanism of environmental regulation tools and environmentally friendly technological innovation. The empirical results show that the impact of the three types of environmental regulatory tools on environmentally friendly technological innovation has a dual threshold effect with the intensity of intellectual property protection as the threshold, and the impact trends are different. To be more specific, the environmental regulation tools of market incentive show a phased mutation trend from negative inhibition to positive promotion as the intensity of intellectual property protection crosses the first threshold. The command-controlled environmental regulation tools show a phased mutation trend from positive promotion to negative inhibition as the intensity of intellectual property protection crosses the second threshold. The environmental regulation tools of public participation have a significant effect on promoting environmentally friendly technological innovation when the intensity of intellectual property protection is between the two thresholds.#br#This paper focuses on the impact of three types of environmental regulatory tools on environmentally friendly technological innovation, which can effectively solve the problem that environmental regulations are regarded as a whole and that different types of environmental regulatory tools have different characteristics are ignored. What's more it uses an improved dynamic panel threshold regression model to effectively deal with the endogenous problem of the model, and makes the research conclusions closer to reality, more scientific and effective.#br#In turn, this research provides more targeted theoretical guidance for government departments to implement environmental governance through the use of different regulatory tools. It incorporates the strength of intellectual property protection as a threshold variable into the research system of environmental regulation tools and environmentally friendly technological innovation, which can make up for the disconnection in the previous literature that separates environmental regulation from intellectual property protection. Therefore it helps to understand the complex and nonlinear endogenous relationship of intellectual property protection in the impact of environmental regulation on technological innovation. #br# Meanwhile the demerits of this research lies in two aspects. Firstly, this paper analyzes the statistical data of various provinces in China without considering the impact of regional differences, industry heterogeneity and other factors. Therefore, in the future, we will focus on the external factors causing the differences of environmental regulation. Secondly, based on the availability of data, this paper has some limitations in the selection of measurement indicators of public participation environmental regulation tools. The selected indicators can only indirectly reflect the public participation environmental regulation tools. Therefore, we can further carry out comprehensive research and calculation on public environmental awareness in the future, and strive to adopt a more practical and detailed index system.#br#