美国在阿富汗的“国家建设”缘何失败

阿富汗是美国在“全球反恐战争”背景下实施“国家建设”的主要对象。基于考察小布什政府和奥巴马政府的相关政策及其实施情况,可以认为美国在阿富汗展开的“国家建设”缺乏切实可行的目标和连贯明确的战略,很多政策相互矛盾,资源投入严重不足,在政策执行和机构协调等方面问题重重。美国在阿富汗的安全重建受到“反恐”和“反叛乱”军事行动的主导,削弱了阿富汗社会和普通民众的安全感,重建援助的“军事化”问题突出。在政治重建方面,美国不顾北方联盟和部分国家的反对,在阿富汗推行总统制,这一选择与阿富汗政治传统和文化不相适应。美国绕开阿富汗中央政府进行援助导致出现“平行政府”,破坏了中央政府权威。在经济重建方面出现“双重寄生体制”,对农业和乡村地区的发展支持严重不足,难以有效应对毒品经济问题。美国提出的“新丝绸之路”计划高估了中亚国家与阿富汗的一体性,也缺乏促进地区经济发展的资源投入。根本而言,美国在阿富汗的“国家建设”缺乏道义基础,难以获得阿富汗民众的支持,与阿富汗政府倡导的“阿人所有、阿人主导”的和解进程存在诸多冲突,彰显了美国权力的傲慢及其“自由主义霸权”战略的深刻困境。

America's Nation-Building in Afghanistan and Its Failure

After the Cold War,the United States made nation-building efforts in Haiti and other countries.Amid the“Global War on Terror”,Washington engaged in nation-building in Afghanistan.Based on examining the policy and practice of the Bush and the Obama administrations,it finds that America's nation-building in Afghanistan lacks a strategy of clarity and cohesion,and proceeds with insufficient resources.There are many embedded contradictions in America's own policy measures in Afghanistan.The security reconstruction is dominated by the counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations pursued by America.It intensifies Afghan people's insecurity and leads to militarization of reconstruction aids.Politically,the presidency system favored by America is at odds with Afghanistan tradition and realities.America channels aid in the country outside of Afghan government,which results in“parallel government”and undermines the authority of Afghan government.The economic reconstruction suffers from the“phantom aid”problem and America's indifference to Afghanistan agriculture and rural areas.The flawed counter-narcotic policy impedes Afghan's development.The New Silk Road initiative proposed in 2011 unrealistically envisions the integration between Central Asia and Afghanistan and fails to deliver substantial benefits.America's nation-building in Afghanistan is essentially without moral legitimacy and has conflicts with the“Afghan-Led,Afghan-Owned”peace process.Its failure indicates the arrogance of American power and predicaments of liberal hegemony grand strategy.