An agentic perspective of resourcefulness: Self-reliant and joint resourcefulness behaviors within the entrepreneurship process |
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| Institution: | 1. Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA;2. Paul College of Business and Economics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;3. Jake Jabs College of Business & Entrepreneurship, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;4. College of Business, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;1. University of Cologne, Endowed Chair for Interdisciplinary Management Science, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, Cologne D-50923, Germany;2. University of Wuppertal, Jackstädt Center of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Research, Germany;1. Narendra Paul Loomba Department of Management, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, City University of New York, 55 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10010, United States of America;2. Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Frank G. Zarb School of Business, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549-1000, United States of America;1. Shoemaker Faculty Fellow in Entrepreneurship, Indiana University: Kelley School of Business, United States of America;2. Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University, United States of America;3. Associate Professor, University of Central Florida, United States of America;1. Department of Industrial System Engineering and Management, National University of Singapore, Singapore;2. Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;3. A.B. Freeman School of Business, Tulane University, United States |
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| Abstract: | We integrate social cognitive theory, and its tenets of personal and collective agency, to develop an individual-level perspective on entrepreneurs' resourcefulness behaviors that illustrates how resourcefulness behaviors can be classified as ‘self-reliant behaviors’ or ‘joint resourcefulness behaviors’. Using this novel cognitive theoretical approach, we provide and test a framework that explains how dispositional, perceptual, and behavioral factors interact in the enactment of purposeful action with regards to entrepreneurs' resourceful behaviors. Consistent with our hypotheses, results from a quantitative study of entrepreneurs (N = 178), as well as a supplemental study involving qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs (N = 15), highlight that entrepreneurs higher in frugality tend to perceive higher levels of environmental hostility. This relationship, in turn, leads to higher amounts of self-reliant resourcefulness behaviors (i.e., customer-related and internal self-financing bootstrapping behaviors) but not joint resourcefulness behaviors. Multiple theoretical and practical contributions emerge from our findings as the extant literature does not yet account for human agency as a reason why some entrepreneurs may choose to engage in certain resourceful behaviors relative to other behaviors. |
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