Components of technology for resources transformation |
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| Institution: | 1. Cardiovascular Research Center Aalst, Belgium;2. Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Italy;3. Division of Cardiology - P.O. San Giovanni Bosco, Naples, Italy;4. Division of Invasive Cardiology, Montevergine Clinic, Mercogliano, Italy;5. Lambe Institute for Translational Medicine, Curam, and Saolta University Healthcare Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;2. Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Ordinarily technology is considered as something physical. Only rarely is it understood as a transformer of resources—not just the physical tools and facilities (hardware). In addition to the hardware, transformation of resources for economic growth requires human skills, accumulated knowledge, and institutional arrangements. This paper presents a framework of the four basic components of technology for resources transformation, namely: 1) Technoware (object embodied technology); 2) Humanware (person embodied technology); 3) Inforware (document embodied technology); 4) Orgaware (institution embodied technology). Further, a generalized classification of the four components of technology in terms of increasing levels of sophistication has been discussed. Using this framework, implications for choices of technology and substitutability of the four components are examined. Moreover, the need to assess the phases of the technology life chain for each of the components has also been highlighted. |
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