现代化农区耕地利用形态转型研究

[目的]耕地利用转型是农业发展转型和土地利用转型的重要组成部分。探讨现代化农区耕地利用形态转型的一般特征,可以为区域耕地资源优化配置提供科学依据。[方法]基于GIS平台,结合耕地利用动态度、区域差异指数、耕地景观格局变化表征模型,分析黑龙江省垦区建三江管理局1976~2014年耕地利用形态变化规律。[结果](1)建三江垦区耕地利用可以划分为4种典型形态:耕地散布态、耕地密布态、耕地连布态和耕地满布态,耕地形态转型经历了旱地拓张期(1976~1986年)、水田萌发期(1986~1996年)、水田拓张期(1996~2006年)和旱—水转换期(2006~2014年);(2)旱地拓张期,垦殖率由18.55%猛增至45.96%,旱地占土地总面积比重由18.55%升至44.34%,旱地景观格局集聚度不断提升,水田"零星"镶嵌于研究区内;(3)水田萌发期耕地总量稳中有升,水田面积小幅增加,占耕地面积比重由3.53%提升至6.63%,水田景观破碎度较高;(4)水田拓张期垦殖率基本稳定,新增耕地以水田为主,主要来源于未利用地(沼泽地)、草地、林地的垦殖以及旱地转化,水田种植优势明显增强,景观集聚度升高;(5)旱—水转换期,水田比重由29.48%上升至80.90%,主要表现为耕地内部旱地—水田的转变。水田最大斑块所占景观面积比例骤然上升,水田逐渐占据绝对优势地位,逐渐由"破碎化"转向"聚集化"。(6)气候变暖、地貌适宜、经济效益是该区域耕地利用转型的重要原因,但地形地貌、土壤等自然条件以及发展水平、交通区位等社会经济条件的差异,使得耕地利用转型具有区域差异性。[结论]黑龙江省垦区建三江分局在全球气候变暖和国家粮食安全战略背景下,其耕地利用经历了面积逐渐扩展、结构不断调整的形态转型,其本质是农业生产投入规模和强度的提升。耕地利用形态转型规律可以为区域耕地利用调控提供依据。

STUDY ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF CULTIVATED LAND USE IN MORDERN AGRICULTURAL REGION

The transformation of cultivated land use is an important part of agricultural development and transformation and land use transformation. This study discussed the general characteristics of the transformation of cultivated land use in modern agricultural areas, aiming to provide scientific basis for the optimal allocation of cultivated land resources in Heilongjiang province reclamation area to build Sanjiang Authority for the study area. Based on GIS platform, it analyzed the change pattern of cultivated land use pattern of Jian Sanjiang Administration Bureau in Heilongjiang province from 1976 to 2014 in combination with cultivated land use dynamic degree, regional difference index and cultivated land landscape pattern. The results showed that (a) The cultivation of cultivated land in Sanjiang reclamation area can be divided into four typical forms: dispersed distribution, dense distribution, continuous distribution and full distribution. The transformation of cultivated land experienced the period of dry land extension (1976~1986), Development period of paddy field (1986~1996), Paddy field extension period (1996~2006) and Drought-water conversion period (2006~2004); (b) During the period of dry land extension, the rate of cultivation increased from 19.30% to 47.81% and the share of dry land in the total land area rose from 19.30% to 46.13%. The landscape pattern of dryland showed a high degree of aggregation. At this time, the spatial layout of paddy field appeared as "sporadic" in the study area. (c) The total amount of cultivated land in the paddy field during the germination period was steady, and the increase of cultivated land area was mainly due to the increase of paddy field area, and then proportion of cultivated land in the area occupied by paddy field increased from 3.53% to 6.63%, and the landscape fragmentation rate was higher. (d) The increase of cultivated land in paddy field was stable, and the increase field of cultivated land was mainly from the unused land (marsh), grassland, forest land transformation to the paddy field, at the same time paddy planting advantage was enhanced, and landscape agglomeration increased; (e) During the conversion period, the proportion of paddy field increased from 29.48% to 80.9%, which was mainly due to the change of dryland and paddy field. The proportion of the largest plots in the paddy field increases rapidly, and the paddy fields gradually occupy the absolute dominant position, then gradually from the "fragmentation" to "centralization". (f) Climate warming, landforms and economic benefits were the important reasons for the cultivated land use transformation in the region. But the difference of topography, soil and other natural conditions, and the social development level and traffic location, made the transformation of cultivated land use regional difference. Under the background of global warming and agricultural modernization, its essence was the scale and intensity of investment in agricultural production, gradual expansion of cultivated land and the constant adjustment of its structure. Transformation law of cultivated land use transformation can provide the basis for regional land use regulation.