Measuring empowerment: Developing and validating the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) |
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| Institution: | 1. Natural Resources, Recreation and Tourism (NRRT), Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA;2. Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 362 Wallace Hall (0429), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;1. Novi Sad Business School, Vladimira Peri?a Valtera 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;2. South Ural State University, Institute of Sports, Tourism and Service 76 Lenin Ave., Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia;3. Geographical Institute “Jovan Cviji?”, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA), Djure Jak?i?a 9, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;4. Department for Finance, St. Petersburg School of Economics and Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Kantemirovskaya ulitsa 3A, Office 331, Sankt Petersburg 194100, Russia;1. College of Tourism, Huaqiao University, Chenghuabei Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province 362021, China;2. Tourism & Hospitality Management Department, School of Management, Xiamen University, Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361005, China;3. School of Tourism Management, South China Normal University, Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510631, China;1. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, 162 Hatmarim Boulevar, Eilat 88000, Israel;2. Bournemouth University, School of Tourism, Poole BH12 5BB, UK;3. SeaStar Consultancy, United Arab Emirates;1. Natural Resources Recreation and Tourism (NRRT), Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 East Green St., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;2. Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 362 Wallace Hall (0429), 295 West Campus Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;3. Department of Sustainable Biomaterials & Office of International Research, Education, and Development, The International Affairs Offices (IAO), 526 Prices Fork Road (0378), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;1. Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;3. University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | Despite empowerment playing a crucial role in sustainable tourism development, there have yet to be scales developed to measure whether residents perceive themselves as being psychologically, socially, or politically empowered from tourism. To address this gap, the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) was developed following Churchill's (1979) criteria for scale development. The RETS was purified through a pilot and pretest study before being tested in a three county region of western Virginia, USA. The data were initially analyzed using multiple exploratory factor analyses before being validated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results of the CFA demonstrated that the RETS displayed construct validity with standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.65 to 0.92 for the three subscales and construct reliability scores ranging from 0.85 to 0.92. The RETS is presented as a scale ready for use to measure the extent to which residents perceive themselves as being empowered or disempowered by tourism. |
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| Keywords: | Empowerment Sustainable tourism Scale development Confirmatory factor analysis Resident attitudes toward tourism Community participation |
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