新中国70年的农村养老保障:历史演进与现实困境

基于制度变迁和福利文化的相关理论,本文对我国农村养老保障70年的历史演进与现实困境进行了讨论。分析表明,70年来,我国农村养老保障体系主要经历了"传统家庭养老-集体养老-新型家庭养老-社会化养老"等四个阶段的演化过程。尽管我国养老保障体系的"二元"架构具备一定的历史合理性,但农村养老保障产品长期供给不足,引致养老保障体系的运行成本持续增长,进行城乡统筹的所谓"转轨"成本较高。市场化参与力量相对缺失,农村养老保障的多元主体供给体系难以构建。由于可能存在的"小农意识"和短视行为以及关于养老保险产品的悲观预期,农民群体的主动参与意愿相对不足,引致这一群体广泛参与的可持续的农村养老保障体系并未有效构建。

70 Years of Rural Old-age Security Reform in China:Historical Evolutionand Realistic Dilemma

Based on the theory of institutional change and welfare culture,this paper discusses the historical evolution and realistic dilemma of China’s rural pension security in the past 70 years.The conclusions are as below:in the past 70 years,China’s rural old-age security has experienced four stages of evolution,including the traditional family pension,the collective pension,the new family pension,and the social pension.Although the"dualistic"structure of China’s pension security system has certain historical rationality,the long-term supply of rural pension security products is insufficient,resulting in the continuous increase of the operating cost of the pension security system,and the so-called"transition"cost of urban-rural integration is relatively high.At the same time,the market participation power is relatively absent,and the multi-subject supply system of rural pension security is difficult to construct.Due to the possible"small famers consciousness"and short-sighted behavior,as well as the pessimistic expectation of pension insurance products,the peasant group’s willingness to participate in the initiative is relatively insufficient,and the sustainable rural pension security system that leads to this group’s participation has not been constructed effectively.