农户多维贫困及致贫机理研究——以甘肃省840份农户为例

贫困是人的可行能力在收入或消费、教育、就业、医疗卫生、社会保障、获取信息和技术的机会等多个维度被剥削的现象,多维贫困指数反映了贫困人口或家庭的多维贫困发生率及承受的剥削强度。借鉴Alkire and Foeter开发的多维贫困测量方法,并以此方法为基础设计调查问卷,采用分层随机抽样选取甘肃省13个村子进行调查研究,然后利用对甘肃省部分农户家庭的实地调研数据,从收入、教育、健康、生活水平和社会关系5个维度对贫困地区农户的多维贫困状况进行了测算与分解。结果表明,1~5个维度的多维贫困指数分别为28.8%、21.7%、16.3%、7.6%和1.1%;甘肃省农户家庭的"基本可行能力"被剥削的情况严重,贫困发生率高,贫困深度和贫困强度均高于其它省份或地区。从农户所处贫困的维度状况梳理出了甘肃省农户致贫的机理:受教育水平不足导致的"能力贫困"导致家庭普遍陷入多维贫困和低收入均衡水平,其贡献率随着贫困维度增加而递减,对绝对贫困的贡献较小;而收入和健康的贫困贡献率随着贫困维度的增加而上升,在绝对贫困家庭中,家庭成员不理想的健康状态,尤其是主要劳动力残疾或患有重大疾病使得家庭陷入"贫困的恶性循环"。未来政府扶贫政策制定和执行应根据致贫维度状况进行有效瞄准,更加关注农户遭受的"能力贫困"困境,提高扶贫效率。

RESEARCH ON FARMER MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY AND FORMING MECHANISM OF POVERTY

Poverty is a phenomenon that human's practical ability is exploited on several dimensions, such as income, consumption, education, employment, medical services, social insurance as well as information & technology acquirement. The multidimensional poverty index reflects the poverty incidence of impoverished population or family, as well as the bearable exploitative intensity. The method of questionnaire, which designed based on the multidimensional poverty measurement developed by Alkire and Foeter, was used in this paper. Based on the investigation data of 13 chosen villages in Gansu province sampling by the method of stratified random sampling, the peasant's multidimensional poverty circumstance in the impoverished area were calculated and analyzed from five dimensions, i.e., income, education, health, the standard of living and social relations. The result showed the multidimensional poverty index of the five dimensions were 28.8%, 21.7%, 16.3%, 7.6%, and 1.1%, respectively. The estimation indicated that the famers' basic practical ability in Gansu was seriously exploited with a high incidence of poverty. At the same time, the depth and intensity of poverty were all higher than that in other provinces or regions. The impoverishment mechanism of farmers in Gansu from the condition of their poverty dimensions were: "Capacity Poverty" caused by the lack of education generally led families into multidimensional poverty and the equilibrium level of low income, and the contribution rate decreased along with the increase of poverty dimension. However, the contribution rate of income and health to poverty increased along with the increase of poverty dimension. In absolute poverty families, the non-ideal health conditions of family members, especially for the disability or critical illness of the primary income provider in the family, can make the family into "Vicious Cycle of Poverty". In the new period, the poverty alleviation policy should be formulated and implemented in accordance with the condition of multidimensional poverty, and more attention should be paid to the famers' "Capacity Poverty", in order to improve the poverty alleviation rate.