新中国60年的计划生育：两种含义和两个30年

计划生育是毛泽东在1956年前后所创造的一个新词汇，意指计划经济中与政府生产计划相联系的家庭生育计划。经过几十年的演变，计划生育常常在两种含义上被使用，一是工业革命以来逐渐盛行的避孕和节制生育，二是指目前我国实行的政府根据计划或政策向各个家庭分配生育指标的现行计划生育制度。共和国60年的计划生育恰好可以按照这两种不同含义划分为前后两个30年，第一个30年即1949—1979年，是我国逐步建立和强化社会主义计划经济体制时期。新生政权把随着工业化的发展出现的避孕和节育要求当作人民群众的生活需要和民主权利，积极调整和改变传统的相关限制性的规定，并在群众自愿的基础上逐步建立起国家公开倡导和支持的避孕和节制生育制度。第二个30年即1979-2009年，是党和政府开始反省并摸索改革和改变计划体制，寻求向市场经济过渡的历史时期。本来是计划经济体制内在性的因素决定无法实现社会稳定和持续发展，人们却受制度和意识形态的限制从束缩经济社会发展的体制以外寻找解决问题的办法。在急于实现四个现代化和希望尽快把人口增长速度降下来的思想支配下，人们继续沿着计划经济的思维并进一步强化了毛泽东的计划生育的设想，要求居民生育必须符合计划，迅速建立起由政府决定居民生育行为的现行计划生育制度。

China's Family Planning in 60 Years:Two Kinds of Meanings and Two Thirty Years

Family planning which is a new vocabulary creating by Mat Zedong in 1-30, reters to family planning program which is connected with production plan of government in the planned economy. After several decades of evolution, family planning often have been used in two meanings, one is the contraception and birth control since the industrial revolution, the other is the current family planning systems which is executed by our country at present, distributing the fertility index to the families according to plan or policy. According to these two kinds of meanings, family planning in 60 years of the People＇ s Republic of China was just be divided into two different meanings of 30 years. The first 30 years, that isto say 1949 -1979, is the period which gradually established and strengthened the socialist planned economy. The new regime take the requirement of contraceptive and birth control along with the development of industrialization as the people＇ s living needs and democratic rights, and actively adjusting and changing the related restrictive provisions in the tradition, and gradually establishing contraception and birth control system which is publicly advocated and supported by nation on the basis of the wishes of the masses. The second 30 years, namely 1979 -2009, is the transition period which party and government began to reflecting and groping for reform and change the plan system, seeking to market economy system. Internality determined factors which is originally the planned economy cannot achieve social stability and sustainable development, however, people attempted to find the solution from the system which is out of the shrinkage of economic and social development, restricted by the institution and ideology. In the ideology of realizing four modernizations and hoping to quickly get down the population growth rate, people continued to follow the planned economy, and further strengthened Mao Zedong＇ s thought of family planning, requesting people to abide by the plan, and quickly setting up the cur