论土地制度的公私矛盾

研究目的：梳理土地制度的公私关系，探讨土地制度运行的内在规律。研究方法：归纳与演绎、文献研究法、比较分析法。研究结果：土地制度是人类进入文明社会（出现国家及法律）以后的基础性制度，并交替存在着公有制、私有制等制度形态；无论是实践中还是在理论上，土地公有制与私有制选择始终是一对矛盾，但产权是否清晰与土地公有私有无关，财产权神圣不可侵犯应同等保护公私财产，平等保护财产权并非追求财产平等。研究结论：土地作为自然资源的本质属性决定了其产权制度的基本特征，土地所有制度属于政治范畴，土地产权制度与财富分配机制属于经济问题，土地制度规则应遵循公权与私权均衡，公利与私利分野。

Study on Public-Private Contradiction of Land Institution

The purposes of this paper are to sort out the public-private relationship of land institutions and explore the internal laws of the operation of land institution. The research methods include induction and deduction, literature research, and comparative analysis. The research results show that land institution are fundamental after human beings enter a civilized society in which states and laws began to appear, and land institution formed, namely, public ownership and private ownership existed alternately. Whether in practice or in theory, the choice between public ownership and private ownership of land is always a contradiction. However, the clarity of property rights has nothing to do with land ownership. Protecting property rights means that public and private property should be protected equally, and equal protection of property rights is not the pursuit of property equality. In conclusion, the nature of land as a natural resource determines the basic characteristics of its property rights institution. Land ownership is a political category, and land property rights and wealth distribution mechanisms are economic issues. The establishment of land institution should follow the principle of balancing public and private rights, and separating public and private interests.