辽河流域社会经济活动的环境污染压力研究——以氮污染为研究对象

水体中氮含量过高会造成水体富营养化,使水质恶化,破坏水体生态平衡。氮污染已引起人们的普遍关注,国家已将氨氮和氮氧化物列为"十二五"期间环境治理的重要污染指标。辽河流域大部分河段氨氮仍超过V类水质标准,支流水体污染依然十分严重。文章以辽河流域氮污染为研究对象,从农田化肥流失、畜禽养殖、工业生产、居民生活和城市径流五个方面估算了流域氮排放情况。结果表明:辽河流域2010年总氮排放量约13.6万吨,氨氮排放量约6.78万吨,居民生活和畜禽养殖排放合计分别占总氮和氨氮排放量的87%和90%,是流域氮污染的主要贡献方面;工业生产虽产生大量含氮废水,但工业废水和污染物的排放率较低,对环境污染的贡献有限,并不是流域氮污染的主要贡献者;短期内流域氮排放的削减幅度有限,未来一段时期内辽河流域氮污染的压力依然突出;对污染排放环节的技术改造和方式创新是削减流域氮污染高效可行的措施。

Nitrogen Pollution of Social and Economic Activities in Liao River Basin,China

Excess nitrogen can cause water eutrophication,deteriorates water environment and destroy the ecological balance.Nitrogen pollution has caused widespread concern.During the 12th five-year plan,ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxygen have been included in the important indicators of pollution control.In most reach of Liao River Basin,ammonia nitrogen concentration still exceeded national surface water standard criterion(V) and water pollution of tributary remains very serious.This paper focused on nitrogen pollution of Liao River Basin and estimated the nitrogen pollution load of agricultural production,industrial production,urban and rural residents,and urban non-point source.The results showed that: in 2010,the total nitrogen pollution load of Liao River Basin reached about 136,000 tons,about 67,800 tons of ammonia nitrogen emissions,and total emissions of both residents and livestock respectively of the total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen emissions by 87% and 90%;the industry produce large amounts of nitrogen-containing wastewater,but industrial wastewater and pollutants with a lower emission rate,that limited contribution to the pollution of the environment,not a major contributor to nitrogen pollution of Liao River Basin;the cuts of nitrogen emissions in Liao River Basin was limited in short term,nitrogen pollution pressures would be exist for a long time;the technological and mode innovation on ways of pollutants emission would be the efficient and feasible measures to reduce nitrogen pollution in Liao River Basin.