迪恩·麦肯奈尔旅游社会学思想解读——兼评《旅游者:休闲阶层新论》

美国著名旅游社会学家迪恩·麦肯奈尔(Dean.MacCannell)的《旅游者:休闲阶层新论》(The Tourist:A New Theory of the Leisure Class)一书是20世纪以来西方旅游社会学研究中最具代表性意义的研究著作。该书以"舞台化真实""景观神圣化""旅游吸引物的符号化"等理论为依据,从旅游者和旅游吸引物的研究着手,将同一时期社会学中盛行的结构功能分析和符号互动的方法引入旅游现象分析,以探讨旅游与现代社会文化结构变迁之间的关系,从理论和研究方法层面为旅游社会学的学科发展奠定了坚实的基础。该书在西方旅游社会学界和人类学界一直享有极高的美誉。近年来,旅游社会学的研究日益得到了国内学者的关注,然而相较于国外,无论是学科体系还是理论基础都显得极为羸弱。在此背景下,通过梳理历史以重拾经典对该书予以系统审视,总结其旅游社会学的学术思想,对于深化国内学者对国外旅游社会学知识体系的认识,构建国内旅游社会学学科发展框架,扩宽其研究路径,进而实现西方旅游社会学研究成果的本土化无疑是大有裨益的。

The Ideological Interpretation of Dean MacCannell in the Sociology of Tourism:Comment about The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class

In the last 30 years of twentieth century, significant developments have been witnessed in the sociology of tourism. The Tourist： A New Theory of the Leisure Class, one of the most representative of the significant writings in this period, was written by the famous sociologist of tourism Dean MacCannell. Based on the theories of staged authenticity, the sacred landscape, and the symbolic interaction of tourist attractions, he led the pervasive sociological perspectives of structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism to discuss the phenomenon of tourism and built an association between the tourist and modernity. For example, MacCannell discussed the relationship between tourism and authenticity by drawing upon dramaturgical theory. Through his study, he explained the expansion of the phenomenon of the leisure class. The study of tourism＂authenticity＂was historic and significant for the growth of the sociology of tourism. At the same time, MacCannell＇s book discussed the problem of the tourist landscape（tourist attraction） extended to the global scope,and the various forms of tourist attractions have been incorporated into the reasonable range of interpretations of his view. Finally, MacCannell put forward the theory of the sacredness of the tourist landscape to explain the formation process of tourist attractions in the context of modernity. With the help of seemingly unrelated theories, he constructed a grand blueprint for the development of research on the phenomenon of tourism in society. For all these reasons, his book has laid a solid foundation for the development of the sociology of tourism in terms of both theory and methods and enjoyed a good reputation in Western sociology and anthropology of tourism.In recent years, research on the sociology of tourism has increasingly attracted the attention of Chinese scholars, and MacCannell＇s theory has been widely used. The theory of the symbolic interaction of tourist attractions has been used to describe symbolic consumption characteristics,