旅游发展下客家妇女的地位变迁研究--成都龙泉洛带古镇的个案调查

关注旅游发展下客家妇女地位变迁状况，有益于深化旅游对东道主女性影响研究和客家文化变迁研究。以四川龙泉洛带古镇为例，采取问卷调查与个案访谈法，综合采用定量和定性分析，探究旅游发展下洛带古镇客家妇女家庭地位和社会地位的变迁状态、变迁特点和变迁原因。研究表明，旅游发展影响洛带客家妇女地位变迁；旅游对洛带客家妇女家庭地位变迁影响强度大于社会地位变迁，且更易于被感知；旅游参与方式对洛带客家妇女地位变迁程度无明显影响；旅游影响洛带客家妇女地位变迁的原因集中表现在生计、自由空间和家庭分工的改变。

Research on Status Changes of Hakka Women Under Tourism Development:A Case Study of Luodai Ancient Town in Chengdu,Sichuan

Paying greater attention to women’s issues, as a kind of feminist research paradigm, has long been of interest to anthropologists and sociologists.We focus onchanges to the status of the Chinese Hakka womenarising from tourism development. We measure the social and the cultural impact of tourism development on Hakka women who act as tourist hosts, from the perspective of gender. This research is important to understand the impact that tourism has on the host women and to gauge changes to Hakka culture overall. Using Longquanin Sichuan as an example, we undertook a targeted sample surveyof 88 Hakka women living inLuodaiAncient Town. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 of the women. We used SPSS17.0 software for a cross contingency analysis of the findings,as well as the chi-square test and qualitative analysis to explore changes relating to the Hakka women. These changes include the characteristics and determinants of a woman’s family status and social statusas a result oftourism development. We found several ways that tourism affects the status of Hakka women.1) The traditional idea of“men outside and women inside”is replaced by the new concept of“men and women both inside and outside together”. This change is driven by Hakka women’s groups pursuing democracy, equality and freedom.Further, through their exchanges with tourist groups, Hakka women gain increasing respect from the outside world and from their own domestic circles. 2) For Hakka women, changes in their family status are greater than changesin individual social status, and are more easily perceived.3) The degree of tourism participation undertaken by a Hakka woman has no obvious influence on her status change. That is, the degree of change in the family status and social status of a Hakka woman who rents housing for tourism operators or runs a souvenir shop is not greater than for a woman selling local products or working in a restaurant or a hotel. 4) Tourism development influences the status of Hakka women mainly through livelihood changes (the essence of the status change),changes in the family division of labor (the basis of the status change), and through self-development (the catalyst for the status change). Our results clearly show thattourism development changes the family status and social status of Hakka women. The Chinese government should consider coordinating the interests of tourism development and the community. Such coordination could involve normalizing leasing policies for town houses, normalizing tourism souvenir prices, increasing access to training for women in traditional Hakka arts (singing, dancing and crafts),advocating positive and healthy leisure activities (in place of the addictive game of mahjong), and advocating the rich cultural life of Hakka women. Developers of tourism activitiesshould consider traditional Hakka culture when creating new tourism initiatives;and any developments should be sensitively integrated with the Hakka culture. Further, Hakka women should make efforts to preserve and promote traditional Hakka culture among themselves. Such efforts could include enhancing their knowledge related to Hakka culture (thereby enriching the tourism participation experience),improving their participation in tourism-related activities, taking part in a variety of leisure activities, and preserving their lauded qualities of being industrious, thrifty, and charitable by not playing mahjong excessively.